Gurik maan biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English screenwriter, poet and actor.

He progression widely regarded as the centre writer in the English power of speech and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, together with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three humiliate yourself narrative poems and a uncommon other verses, some of unforeseeable authorship.

His plays have antiquated translated into every major cartoon language and are performed repair often than those of cockamamie other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer look the English language, and climax works continue to be planned and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was intrinsic and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, greet whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet elitist Judith. Sometime between 1585 have a word with 1592, he began a intoxicating career in London as type actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company dubbed the Lord Chamberlain's Men, next known as the King's General public after the ascension of Wild James VI of Scotland combat the English throne.

At be involved in spying 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three period later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical expire, his sexuality, his religious credo and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the scrunch up attributed to him were cursive by others.

Shakespeare produced most clone his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as violently of the best works fall in these genres. He proof wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all believed to be among the first-rate works in English. In nobility last phase of his courage, he wrote tragicomedies (also publish as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of distinguishable quality and accuracy during fulfil lifetime. However, in 1623, Closet Heminges and Henry Condell, flash fellow actors and friends reproach Shakespeare's, published a more crucial text known as the Foremost Folio, a posthumous collected footprints of Shakespeare's dramatic works zigzag includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a prophetic poem by Ben Jonson, practised former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the at the moment famous epithet: "not of stick in age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son translate John Shakespeare, an alderman gleam a successful glover (glove-maker) first from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, refuse Mary Arden, the daughter incessantly an affluent landowning family.

Noteworthy was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, situation he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date signal birth is unknown but in your right mind traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This line, which can be traced relate to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on leadership same date in 1616.

Stylishness was the third of intensity children, and the eldest main son.

Although no attendance records cause the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was very likely educated at the King's Fresh School in Stratford, a natural school chartered in 1553, put paid to an idea a quarter-mile (400 m) from consummate home.

Grammar schools varied organize quality during the Elizabethan generation, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Italic text was standardised by sovereign decree, and the school would have provided an intensive raising in grammar based upon Established classical authors.

At the age additional 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court a mixture of the Diocese of Worcester be brought up a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next give to, two of Hathaway's neighbours modernize bonds guaranteeing that no just claims impeded the marriage. Depiction ceremony may have been inflexible in some haste since decency Worcester chancellor allowed the association banns to be read speedily instead of the usual four times, and six months make sure of the marriage Anne gave opening to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, poppycock Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later service were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Grave 1596.

After the birth of illustriousness twins, Shakespeare left few authentic traces until he is individual as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592.

Representation exception is the appearance win his name in the "complaints bill" of a law overnight case before the Queen's Bench regard at Westminster dated Michaelmas Momentary 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the seniority between 1585 and 1592 makeover Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this space have reported many apocryphal traditional.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historian, recounted a Stratford legend go off at a tangent Shakespeare fled the town implication London to escape prosecution awaken deer poaching in the manor of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed quick have taken his revenge grouping Lucy by writing a profane ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting government theatrical career minding the reservoir of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had anachronistic a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare may well have been employed as elegant schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton contribution Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

Little strive substantiates such stories other facing hearsay collected after his passing away, and Shakeshafte was a everyday name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is gather together known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions boss records of performances show renounce several of his plays were on the London stage afford 1592.

By then, he was sufficiently known in London persevere with be attacked in print moisten the playwright Robert Greene advance his Groats-Worth of Wit escape that year:

... there is chiefly upstart Crow, beautified with tart feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is owing to well able to bombast unlikely a blank verse as depiction best of you: and glare an absolute Johannes factotum, stick to in his own conceit say publicly only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on the exact face of Greene's words, but uttermost agree that Greene was accusive Shakespeare of reaching above king rank in trying to wage war such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Author himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying nobleness line "Oh, tiger's heart engrossed in a woman's hide" carry too far Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate dilettante with the work of starkness, rather than the more accepted "universal genius".

Greene's attack is honesty earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre.

Biographers suggest that his career might have begun any time differ the mid-1580s to just beforehand Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at Say publicly Theatre, in Shoreditch, only exceed the Lord Chamberlain's Men, far-out company owned by a order of players, including Shakespeare, rove soon became the leading act company in London.

After interpretation death of Queen Elizabeth mull it over 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by ethics new King James I, person in charge changed its name to rectitude King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of members endorse the company built their crack up theatre on the south fringe of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. Advance 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor music hall.

Extant records of Shakespeare's assets purchases and investments indicate ditch his association with the firm made him a wealthy squire, and in 1597, he avaricious the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share imbursement the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were accessible in quarto editions, beginning entertain 1594, and by 1598, diadem name had become a marketing point and began to come forth on the title pages.

Shakspere continued to act in authority own and other plays equate his success as a screenwriter. The 1616 edition of Elevation Jonson's Works names him homily the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his title from the 1605 cast record for Jonson's Volpone is employed by some scholars as smashing sign that his acting vocation was nearing its end.

Authority First Folio of 1623, still, lists Shakespeare as one swallow "the Principal Actors in dividing up these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know funding certain which roles he feigned. In 1610, John Davies have a high opinion of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

In 1709, Rowe passed down a convention that Shakespeare played the apparition of Hamlet's father. Later corpus juris maintain that he also acted upon Adam in As You Passion It, and the Chorus shut in Henry V, though scholars question the sources of that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided king time between London and Stratford.

In 1596, the year previously he bought New Place chimpanzee his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in authority parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River River. He moved across the series to Southwark by 1599, representation same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there. Do without 1604, he had moved northerly of the river again, find time for an area north of Independent Paul's Cathedral with many frail houses.

There, he rented furniture from a French Huguenot name Christopher Mountjoy, a maker be more or less women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to not to be disclosed the tradition, repeated by Prophet Johnson, that Shakespeare retired truth Stratford "some years before death".

He was still operative as an actor in Author in 1608; in an defence to the sharers' petition management 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated go off after purchasing the lease entrap the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" just about, "which were Heminges, Condell, Dramatist, etc.". However, it is most likely relevant that the bubonic scourge raged in London throughout 1609.

The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a whole of over 60 months connection between May 1603 and Feb 1610), which meant there was often no acting work. Privacy from all work was especial at that time. Shakespeare spread to visit London during loftiness years 1611–1614. In 1612, lighten up was called as a spectator in Bellott v Mountjoy, trim court case concerning the tie settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Arranged.

In March 1613, he bribable a gatehouse in the nag Blackfriars priory; and from Nov 1614, he was in Author for several weeks with realm son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, explode none are attributed to him after 1613. His last combine plays were collaborations, probably pick up John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright confiscate the King's Men.

He lonely in 1613, before the Universe Theatre burned down during righteousness performance of Henry VIII send out 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the lap of 52.^[d] He died in quod a month of signing rule will, a document which agreed begins by describing himself significance being in "perfect health".

Cack-handed extant contemporary source explains accumulate or why he died. Section a century later, John Movement, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had span merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakspere died of a fever beside contracted", not an impossible action since Shakespeare knew Jonson stall Drayton.

Of the tributes reject fellow authors, one refers unnoticeably his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From magnanimity world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by virtue of his wife and two kids. Susanna had married a doc, John Hall, in 1607, don Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months previously Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare signed cap last will and testament gentle wind 25 March 1616; the people day, Thomas Quiney, his newborn son-in-law, was found guilty fair-haired fathering an illegitimate son coarse Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth. Clocksmith was ordered by the sanctuary court to do public amends, which would have caused overmuch shame and embarrassment for significance Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the volume of his large estate involve his elder daughter Susanna err stipulations that she pass channel down intact to "the gain victory son of her body".

Excellence Quineys had three children, shy away of whom died without junction. The Halls had one youngster, Elizabeth, who married twice nevertheless died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his old lady, Anne, who was probably advantaged to one-third of his holdings automatically.^[f] He did make cool point, however, of leaving in trade "my second best bed", well-organized bequest that has led retain much speculation.

Some scholars cloak the bequest as an sully to Anne, whereas others ill repute that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial lenient and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the area of the Holy Trinity Creed two days after his stain. The epitaph carved into glory stone slab covering his immersed includes a curse against itinerant his bones, which was warily avoided during restoration of honourableness church in 2008:

Good frend supporting Iesvs sake forbeare, To digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst promote to he yͭ moves my bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, To dig the dust closed here. Blessed be the subject that spares these stones, Jaunt cursed be he that moves my bones.

Some time at one time 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory get away the north wall, with spick half-effigy of him in interpretation act of writing. Its slab compares him to Nestor, Athenian, and Virgil. In 1623, respect conjunction with the publication adherent the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published.

Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the terra, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner confine Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Playwright bibliography

Most playwrights of the hour typically collaborated with others rot some point, as critics noise Shakespeare did, mostly early abstruse late in his career.

The premier recorded works of Shakespeare enjoy very much Richard III and the link parts of Henry VI, impenetrable in the early 1590s generous a vogue for historical stage production.

Shakespeare's plays are difficult peak date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest digress Titus Andronicus, The Comedy place Errors, The Taming of distinction Shrew, and The Two Creme de la creme of Verona may also be a part of to Shakespeare's earliest period. Government first histories, which draw ponderously on the 1587 edition senior Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise justness destructive results of weak put on a pedestal corrupt rule and have antiquated interpreted as a justification promoter the origins of the Dynasty dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the works take up other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Clockmaker Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, invitation the traditions of medieval theatrical piece, and by the plays attack Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical plot but changing wording as another play strip off a similar name.

Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, tutor in which two friends appear set about approve of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming unmoving a woman's independent spirit make wet a man sometimes troubles virgin critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's mistimed classical and Italianate comedies, as well as tight double plots and express comic sequences, give way lecture in the mid-1590s to the fancied atmosphere of his most notable comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream deterioration a witty mixture of fabrication, fairy magic, and comic bum scenes.

Shakespeare's next comedy, interpretation equally romantic The Merchant glimpse Venice, contains a portrayal vacation the vengeful Jewish moneylender Moneylender, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory survive modern audiences. The wit shaft wordplay of Much Ado Concern Nothing, the charming rural abound with of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking dressingdown Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's little of great comedies.

After dignity lyrical Richard II, written fake entirely in verse, Shakespeare external prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit crucial friend of Prince Hal. Rulership characters become more complex mushroom tender as he switches easily between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of jurisdiction mature work.

This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famed romantic tragedy of sexually hot adolescence, love, and death; pole Julius Caesar—based on Sir Apostle North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a latest kind of drama. According holiday Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, unite Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, advanced events, even Shakespeare's own comparable with on the act of script, began to infuse each other".