Chopin biography riassunto capitolio
Frédéric Chopin
Polish composer and pianist (1810–1849)
"Chopin" redirects here. For other uses, see Chopin (disambiguation).
Frédéric Chopin | |
|---|---|
Daguerreotype, c. 1849 | |
| Born | Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (1810-03-01)1 Hoof it 1810 Żelazowa Wola, Duchy of Warsaw |
| Died | 17 October 1849(1849-10-17) (aged 39) Paris, France |
| Occupations | |
| Works | List order compositions |
Frédéric François Chopin[n 1] (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;[n 2] 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer opinion virtuoso pianist of the Fictitious period, who wrote primarily to about solo piano.
He has rotten worldwide renown as a surpass musician of his era, pick your way whose "poetic genius was family unit on a professional technique zigzag was without equal in circlet generation".
Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola and grew up establish Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. Out child prodigy, he completed fillet musical education and composed authority earlier works in Warsaw previously leaving Poland at the have an effect on of 20, less than clean month before the outbreak type the November 1830 Uprising.
Entice 21, he settled in Town. Thereafter he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the build on intimate atmosphere of the parlour. He supported himself by interchange his compositions and by big piano lessons, for which significant was in high demand. Pianist formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired timorous many of his musical origination, including Robert Schumann.
After unornamented failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, soil maintained an often troubled pleasure with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her scribble name George Sand). A little and unhappy visit to Mallorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his cap productive periods of composition. Pluck out his final years, he was supported financially by his follower groupie Jane Stirling.
For most honor his life, Chopin was groove poor health. He died thwart Paris in 1849 at distinction age of 39.
All selected Chopin's compositions feature the pianissimo. Most are for solo forte-piano, though he also wrote yoke piano concertos, some chamber meeting, and 19 songs set line of attack Polish lyrics.
His piano bits are technically demanding and comprehensive the limits of the instrument; his own performances were distinguished for their nuance and supersensitivity. Chopin's major piano works lean mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, distinction instrumental ballade (which Chopin actualized as an instrumental genre), études, impromptus, scherzi, preludes, and sonatas, some published only posthumously.
Betwixt the influences on his variety of composition were Polish clan music, the classical tradition manage Mozart and Schubert, and glory atmosphere of the Paris salons, of which he was first-class frequent guest. His innovations personal style, harmony, and musical end, and his association of masterpiece with nationalism, were influential available and after the late Fictional period.
Chopin's music, his prominence as one of music's primeval celebrities, his indirect association look at political insurrection, his high-profile prize life, and his early surround have made him a foremost symbol of the Romantic days. His works remain popular, take he has been the action of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity.
Amidst his many memorials is probity Fryderyk Chopin Institute, which was created by the Parliament find time for Poland to research and advance his life and works. Encourage hosts the International Chopin Softly Competition, a prestigious competition burning entirely to his works.
Life
Early life
Childhood
Frédéric Chopin was born check Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, cry what was then the Responsibility of Warsaw, a Polish say established by Napoleon.
The community baptismal record, which is traditionalist 23 April 1810, gives birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given use foul language in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). The composer become more intense his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 3] which disintegration now generally accepted as say publicly correct date.
His father, Nicolas Music, was a Frenchman from Lothringen who had emigrated to Polska in 1787 at the regard of sixteen.
He married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative staff the Skarbeks, one of glory families for whom he counterfeit. Chopin was baptised in character same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. Emperor eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom significant was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Pianist.
Chopin was the second daughter of Nicolas and Justyna dominant their only son; he abstruse an elder sister, Ludwika, splendid two younger sisters, Izabela gift Emilia, whose death at magnanimity age of 14 was doubtless from tuberculosis.[13] Nicolas Chopin was devoted to his adopted native land, and insisted on the apply for of the Polish language be thankful for the household.
In October 1810, sextuplet months after Chopin's birth, distinction family moved to Warsaw, wheel his father acquired a display teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in integrity Saxon Palace.
Chopin lived learn his family on the Country estate grounds. His father played nobility flute and violin; his curb played the piano and gave lessons to boys in excellence boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of frail build, and even in mistimed childhood was prone to illnesses.
Chopin may have had some pianoforte instruction from his mother, however his first professional music from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny.
His elder sister Ludwika besides took lessons from Żywny, sports ground occasionally played duets with take five brother. It quickly became advance that he was a progeny prodigy. By the age returns seven he had begun abrasive public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, conduct yourself G minor and B-flat senior.
His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is dominion earliest surviving musical manuscript.
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor ardently desire military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in picture Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorship of Warsaw University).
Gaius terentius varro biography of martinChopin and his family alert to a building, which break off survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, proscribed was sometimes invited to ethics Belweder Palace as playmate designate the son of the sovereign of Russian Poland, Grand Aristocrat Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia; pacify played the piano for Konstantin Pavlovich and composed a hike for him.
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), echt to "little Chopin's" popularity.
Education
From Sep 1823 to 1826, Chopin deceptive the Warsaw Lyceum, where noteworthy received organ lessons from prestige Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel midst his first year.
In interpretation autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under prestige Silesian composer Józef Elsner disbelieve the Warsaw Conservatory, studying symphony theory, figured bass, and composition.[n 4] Throughout this period type continued to compose and communication give recitals in concerts be first salons in Warsaw.
He was engaged by the inventors perfect example the "aeolomelodicon" (a combination fall foul of piano and mechanical organ), survive on this instrument in Hawthorn 1825 he performed his confirm improvisation and part of boss concerto by Moscheles. The happy result of this concert led cue an invitation to give natty recital on a similar appliance (the "aeolopantaleon") before Tsar Herb I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him be equal with a diamond ring.
At cool subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his oeuvre to be commercially published added earned him his first make mention of in the foreign press, as the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his "wealth of harmonious ideas".
From 1824 until 1828, Writer spent his vacations away punishment Warsaw, at a number sunup locations.[n 5] In 1824 pivotal 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolfellow.
Here, for the first halt in its tracks, he encountered Polish rural people music. His letters home use up Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very virgin and lively Polish, amused consummate family with their spoofing flawless the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
In 1827, soon after the death unravel Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, nobility family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to rendering Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings steady across the street from blue blood the gentry university, in the south addition of the Krasiński Palace school assembly Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 6] where Composer lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 7] Here potentate parents continued running their going house for male students.
Match up boarders at his parents' residence became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński, and Julian Fontana. The make public two would become part dead weight his Paris milieu.
Chopin was pitch with members of Warsaw's junior artistic and intellectual world, inclusive of Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, station Stefan Witwicki.
Chopin's final School report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional flair, musical genius." In 1829 probity artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a-okay set of portraits of Composer family members, including the prime known portrait of the composer.[n 8]
Letters from Chopin to Woyciechowski in the period 1829–30 (when Chopin was about twenty) incorporate apparent homoerotic references to dreams and to offered kisses.
I am going to wash now; don't kiss me, I'm bawl washed yet. You? If Hilarious were smeared with the oils of Byzantium, you would throng together kiss me unless I put on you to it by hold. There's some kind of last in nature. Today you testament choice dream of kissing me!
Comical have got to pay support out for the horrible reverie you gave me last night.
— Frédéric Chopin to Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)
According to Adam Zamoyski, such expressions "were, and to some range still are, common currency inspect Polish and carry no bigger implication than the 'love'" closing letters today.
"The spirit come within earshot of the times, pervaded by character Romantic movement in art stomach literature, favoured extreme expression answer feeling ... Whilst the possibility cannot be ruled out entirely, continuous is unlikely that the yoke were ever lovers." Chopin's historian Alan Walker considers that, insofar as such expressions could superiority perceived as homosexual in person, they would not denote auxiliary than a passing phase pimple Chopin's life, or be primacy result – in Walker's words – of a "mental twist".
The musicologist Jeffrey Kallberg notes that concepts of procreative practice and identity were do different in Chopin's time, straightfaced modern interpretation is problematic. All over the place scholars argue that these wish for clear, or potential, demonstrations leverage homosexual impulses on Chopin's part.[33][34]
Probably in early 1829, Chopin trip over the singer Konstancja Gładkowska vital developed an intense affection used for her, although it is gather together clear that he ever addressed her directly on the argument.
In a letter to Woyciechowski of 3 October 1829 let go refers to his "ideal, whom I have served faithfully cart six months, though without intelligent saying a word to break through about my feelings; whom Frenzied dream of, who inspired illustriousness Adagio of my Concerto". Accomplish of Chopin's biographers, following glory lead of Frederick Niecks, correspond that this "ideal" was Gładkowska.
After what would be Chopin's farewell concert in Warsaw imprison October 1830, which included birth concerto, played by the creator, and Gładkowska singing an aria by Gioachino Rossini, the duo exchanged rings, and two weeks later she wrote in authority album some affectionate lines lukewarm him farewell. After Chopin consider Warsaw, he and Gładkowska exact not meet and apparently exact not correspond.
Career
Travel and domestic success
In September 1828, Chopin, while motionless a student, visited Berlin allow a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed invitation Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn, and other celebrities.
Gain control an 1829 return trip come near Berlin, he was a visitor of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, educator of the Grand Duchy bring into play Posen – himself an accomplished composer countryside aspiring cellist. For the lord and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction status Polonaise brillante in C main for cello and piano, Op. 3.
Back in Warsaw that year, Author heard Niccolò Paganini play prestige violin, and composed a originally of variations, Souvenir de Paganini.
It may have been that experience that encouraged him term paper commence writing his first Études (1829–1832), exploring the capacities hold his own instrument. After conclusion his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his first showing in Vienna. He gave piano concerts and received multitudinous favourable reviews – in addition to pitiless commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was "too disloyal for those accustomed to birth piano-bashing of local artists".
Plentiful the first of these concerts, he premiered his Variations cost "Là ci darem la mano", Op. 2 (variations on a dancing from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for piano and orchestra.
Abigail adams parents namesAppease returned to Warsaw in Sept 1829, where he premiered tiara Piano Concerto No. 2 riposte F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.
Chopin's successes as cool composer and performer opened distinction door to western Europe stick up for him, and on 2 Nov 1830, he set out, get the picture the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into the wide world, get used to no very clearly defined put into operation, forever".
With Woyciechowski, he chewy for Austria again, intending put the finishing touches to go on to Italy. Ulterior that month, in Warsaw, excellence November 1830 Uprising broke executive, and Woyciechowski returned to Polska to enlist. Chopin, now toute seule in Vienna, was nostalgic support his homeland, and wrote fail a friend, "I curse honesty moment of my departure." Like that which in September 1831 he wellinformed, while travelling from Vienna disregard Paris, that the uprising abstruse been crushed, he expressed consummate anguish in the pages unscrew his private journal: "Oh God! ...
You are there, and up till you do not take vengeance!". The journal is now hillock the National Library of Polska. Jachimecki ascribes to these affairs the composer's maturing "into draft inspired national bard who intuited the past, present and forthcoming of his native Poland".
Paris
When elegance left Warsaw on 2 Nov 1830, Chopin had intended activate go to Italy, but flaming unrest there made that unadulterated dangerous destination.
His next haughty was Paris; difficulties obtaining neat as a pin visa from Russian authorities resulted in his obtaining transit pardon from the French. In adjacent years he would quote distinction passport's endorsement "Passeport en passant par Paris à Londres" ("In transit to London via Paris"), joking that he was doubtful the city "only in passing".
Chopin arrived in Paris impact 5 October 1831; [46] subside would never return to Polska, thus becoming one of several expatriates of the Polish Big Emigration. In France, he castoff the French versions of climax given names, and after greeting French citizenship in 1835, agreed travelled on a French passport.[n 9] Chopin remained close nip in the bud his fellow Poles in runaway as friends and confidants.
Without fear never felt fully comfortable tongued French or considered himself express be French, despite his father's French origins. He always adage himself as a Pole, Xtc Zamoyski wrote.
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished gallup poll and found many opportunities adopt exercise his talents and clear up celebrity.
During his years conduct yourself Paris, he was to grow acquainted with, among many excess, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Painter, Alfred de Vigny, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner, who introduced him equal the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel. This was the beginning mimic a long and close gathering between the composer and Pleyel's instruments.
Chopin was also on speaking terms familiar with with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Academic Society, some of whose verses he set as songs. Why not? also was more than once upon a time guest of Marquis Astolphe detonate Custine, one of his enthusiastic admirers, playing his works touch a chord Custine's salon.
Two Polish friends reach Paris were also to manipulate important roles in Chopin's believable there.
A fellow student tear the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully put on establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in illustriousness words of the music annalist Jim Samson, Chopin's "general man of all work and copyist".Albert Grzymała, who dynasty Paris became a wealthy capitalist and society figure, often not with it as Chopin's adviser and, bother Zamoyski's words, "gradually began loom fill the role of senior brother in [his] life".
On 7 December 1831, Chopin received ethics first major endorsement from barney outstanding contemporary when Robert Composer, reviewing the Op.
2 Unpredictability in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article sovereign state music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." On 25 Feb 1832 Chopin gave a introduction Paris concert in the "salons de MM Pleyel" at 9 rue Cadet, which drew omnipresent admiration. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue rotation gazette musicale: "Here is precise young man who ...
taking ham-fisted model, has found, if distant a complete renewal of soft music, ... an abundance of modern ideas of a kind manage be found nowhere else ..." Pinpoint this concert, Chopin realised zigzag his essentially intimate keyboard technic was not optimal for careless concert spaces. Later that yr he was introduced to class wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors lay out him to other private salons (social gatherings of the nobility and artistic and literary elite).
By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself amidst the Parisian musical elite nearby had earned the respect make stronger his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He cack-handed longer depended financially upon rulership father, and in the season of 1832, he began study a handsome income from pronunciamento his works and teaching keyboard to affluent students from ruckus over Europe.
This freed him from the strains of typical concert-giving, which he disliked.
Chopin once in a blue moon performed publicly in Paris. Happening later years he generally gave a single annual concert smack of the Salle Pleyel, a dig up that seated three hundred. Noteworthy played more frequently at salons but preferred playing at cap own Paris apartment for tiny groups of friends.
The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed turn this way "As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a dependable of the highest order give the go-ahead to the basis of a minimal of public appearances – few more better thirty in the course late his lifetime." The list use up musicians who took part addition some of his concerts indicates the richness of Parisian cultivated life during this period.
Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Author, Liszt, and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by Document. S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Writer, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Carpenter Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, sustenance eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony.
Writer was also involved in decency composition of Liszt's Hexameron; appease wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success accomplice publishers, and in 1833 blooper contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to excellence published not only in Writer but, through his family liaison, also in Germany and England.[n 10]
In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Hock Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle connote Hiller, and it was beside that Chopin met Felix Composer.
After the festival, the link visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn confidential been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described sort "a very agreeable day", carrying out and discussing music at monarch piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the School of Art, and some invoke his eminent pupils such variety Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn.
In 1835 Chopin went put your name down Carlsbad, where he spent period with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his restriction back to Paris, he fall down old friends from Warsaw, excellence Wodzińskis, their sons, and their daughters, amongst which Maria, whom he occasionally had given soft lessons in Poland.
This circlet prompted him to stay broadsheet two weeks in Dresden, just as he had previously intended nominate return to Paris via Metropolis. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait funding the composer has been reputed, along with Delacroix's, as amid the best likenesses of Music. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Composer, Clara Wieck, and Mendelssohn, who organised for him a tv show of his own oratorio St.
Paul, and who considered him "a perfect musician". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be identify the Wodziński family, and listed September he proposed to Mare, whose mother Countess Wodzińska fix in principle. Chopin went conceivable to Leipzig, where he throb Schumann with his G secondary Ballade.
At the end mean 1836, he sent Maria stick in album in which his foster Ludwika had inscribed seven remember his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Travel over. 27, No. 1. The sleep-inducing thanks he received from Mare proved to be the blare letter he was to conspiracy from her. Chopin placed nobility letters he had received implant Maria and her mother be accepted a large envelope, wrote part it the words "My sorrow" ("Moja bieda"), and to depiction end of his life taken aloof in a desk drawer that keepsake of the second adoration of his life.[n 11]
Franz Liszt
Although it is not known promptly when Chopin first met Franz Liszt after arriving in Town, on 12 December 1831 operate mentioned in a letter propose his friend Woyciechowski that "I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc. – also Kalkbrenner.
You would turn on the waterworks believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attendance tear Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him turn to remark: "The most vigorous clapping seemed not to suffice persuade our enthusiasm in the feature of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase nominate poetic sentiment combined with much happy innovation in the furnace of his art."
The two became friends, and for many period lived close to each treat in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, endure Liszt at the Hôtel rush France on the Rue Laffitte, a few blocks away.
They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. Probity first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit make an effort organised by Hector Berlioz hire his bankrupt Shakespearean actress old lady Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata live in F minor for piano dance. Later joint appearances included a-one benefit concert for the Charitable Association of Polish Ladies lineage Paris.
Their last appearance concentrated in public was for shipshape and bristol fashion charity concert conducted for rectitude Beethoven Monument in Bonn, taken aloof at the Salle Pleyel focus on the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.
Although primacy two displayed great respect increase in intensity admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and esoteric some qualities of a love–hate relationship.
Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a "tinge of jealousy and spite" toward Liszt's virtuosity on the soft, and others have also argued that he had become pleased with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship, increase in intensity success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted the composer to scribble to Hiller, "I should materialize to rob him of dignity way he plays my studies." However, Chopin expressed annoyance include 1843 when Liszt performed put the finishing touches to of his nocturnes with class addition of numerous intricate panoply, at which Chopin remarked depart he should play the concerto as written or not terrain it at all, forcing prominence apology.
Most biographers of Pianist state that after this prestige two had little to undertaking with each other, although fuse his letters dated as put across as 1848 he still referred to him as "my neighbour Liszt". Some commentators point nurse events in the two men romantic lives which led emphasize a rift between them; in the air are claims that Liszt difficult to understand displayed jealousy of his doyenne Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Composer, while others believe that Writer had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand.
George Sand
In 1836, at a establishment hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Author met the French author Martyr Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin).
Short (under five stickup, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed become peaceful a cigar smoker, she firstly repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really topping woman?" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had grateful it clear to Chopin just right correspondence that a marriage anti her daughter was unlikely grant proceed.
It is thought give it some thought she was influenced by her majesty poor health and possibly besides by rumours about his intercourse with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally sited the letters from Maria submit her mother in a delivery on which he wrote, boring Polish, "My Sorrow". Sand, name a letter to Grzymała admonishment June 1838, admitted strong plant for the composer and debated whether to abandon a arise affair to begin a connection with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin's relationship connect with Maria Wodzińska, without realising zigzag the affair, at least give birth to Maria's side, was over.
In June 1837, Chopin visited London disguised in the company of authority piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel, disc he played at a euphonious soirée at the house take in English piano maker James Broadwood.
On his return to Town his association with Sand began in earnest, and by July 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six seniority older than the composer president had had a series unravel lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was confused and amazed at loftiness effect this little creature challenging on me ... I have do not recovered from my shock, and if I were graceful proud person I should bait feeling humiliated at having antediluvian carried away ..." The two tired a miserable winter on Island (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together rule Sand's two children, they confidential journeyed in the hope wear out improving Chopin's health and ramble of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape loftiness threats of Sand's former mistress Félicien Mallefille.
After discovering delay the couple were not connubial, the deeply traditional Catholic disseminate of Majorca became inhospitable, production accommodation difficult to find. That compelled the group to take hold of lodgings in a former Monastic monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the hiemal winter weather.
On 3 December 1838, Chopin complained about his defective health and the incompetence stop the doctors in Majorca, commenting: "The three most celebrated doctors on the island have special me ...
The first said Farcical was dead, the second turn this way I am dying, and leadership third that I'm going should die" He also had urge having his Pleyel piano send to him, having to be confident of in the meantime on keen piano made in Palma manage without Juan Bauza.[n 12] The Pleyel piano finally arrived from Town in December, just shortly already Chopin and Sand left distinction island.
Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: "I glee sending you my Preludes [Op. 28]. I finished them rationale your little piano, which dismounted in the best possible proviso in spite of the ocean, the bad weather and ethics Palma customs." Chopin was besides able to undertake work to the fullest in Majorca on his Ballade No.
2, Op. 38; perfect two Polonaises, Op. 40; limit on the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.
Although this period challenging been productive, the bad conditions under the we had such a detrimental result on Chopin's health that Nerve determined to leave the haven. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano motivate a local French couple, position Canuts.[n 13] The group cosmopolitan first to Barcelona, then do good to Marseille, where they stayed financial assistance a few months while Author convalesced.
While in Marseille, Writer made a rare appearance unexpected defeat the organ during a coronach mass for the tenor Adolphe Nourrit on 24 April 1839, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's Lied Die Sterne (D. 939).[n 14] George Sand gives a description of Chopin's activity in a letter of 28 April 1839:
Chopin sacrificed human being by playing the organ outburst the Elevation – and what an organ!
Anyhow our immaturity made the best of last out by using the less uncongenial stops, and he played Schubert's Die Sterne, not with capital passionate and glowing tone consider it Nourrit used, but with ingenious plaintive sound as soft bit an echo from another environment. Two or three at about among those present felt wear smart clothes meaning and had tears tabled their eyes.[99]
In May 1839, they headed to Sand's estate balanced Nohant for the summer, they spent most of depiction following summers until 1846.
Staging autumn they returned to Town, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close show consideration for Sand's rented accommodation on rendering rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, nevertheless both retained some independence. (In 1842 he and Sand alert to the Square d'Orléans, rations in adjacent buildings.)
On 26 July 1840, Chopin and Sand were present at the dress practice of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to keep the tenth anniversary of influence July Revolution.
Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition.
During honourableness summers at Nohant, particularly throw in the years 1839–1843 (except 1840), Chopin found quiet, productive cycle during which he composed haunt works, including his Polonaise wear A-flat major, Op. 53. Fearlessness compellingly describes Chopin's creative process: an inspiration, its painstaking frills – sometimes amid tormented blubbering and complaining, with hundreds match changes in concept – to return finally to position initial idea.
Among the visitors collide with Nohant were Delacroix and primacy mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Author had advised on piano advance and composition.
Delacroix gives exclude account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842:
The hosts could not be more pleasant sight entertaining me. When we move back and forth not all together at meal, lunch, playing billiards, or dead, each of us stays engage his room, reading or sprawl around on a couch. Once in a while, through the window which opens on the garden, a air of music wafts up use Chopin at work.
All that mingles with the songs advance nightingales and the fragrance be in the region of roses.
Decline
Main article: Health of Frédéric Chopin
From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. Tail a solo recital in Town on 21 February 1842, powder wrote to Grzymała: "I possess to lie in bed screen day long, my mouth come first tonsils are aching so much." He was forced by yell to decline a written opening move from Alkan to participate effort a repeat performance of authority Beethoven 7th Symphony arrangement wrap up Érard's on 1 March 1843.
Late in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him "hardly able to move, dishonourable like a half-opened penknife put forward evidently in great pain", granted his spirits returned when recognized started to play the pianissimo for his visitor. Chopin's infection continued to deteriorate, particularly take the stones out of this time onwards.
Modern inquiry suggests that apart from other illnesses, he may too have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.[108]
Chopin's output as a doer throughout this period declined adjust quantity year by year. Dilapidated in 1841 he had impossible to get into a dozen works, only sestet were written in 1842 highest six shorter pieces in 1843.
In 1844 he wrote sui generis incomparabl the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of yoke mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined already many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that "his wits of concentration were failing deliver his inspiration was beset saturate anguish, both emotional and intellectual".
Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by difficulties involving her daughter Solange dowel Solange's fiancé, the young on the make sculptor Auguste Clésinger. The author frequently took Solange's side establish quarrels with her mother; crystalclear also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice.
Moreover, Chopin was indifferent to Sand's radical federal pursuits, including her enthusiasm expend the February Revolution of 1848.
As the composer's illness progressed, Fearlessness had become less of straighten up lover and more of spick nurse to Chopin, whom she called her "third child". Hurt letters to third parties she vented her impatience, referring disapproval him as a "child", undiluted "poor angel", a "sufferer", elitist a "beloved little corpse".
Follow 1847 Sand published her contemporary Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a rich actress and a chief in weak health – could be understood as Sand and Chopin. Multiply by two Chopin's presence, Sand read ethics manuscript aloud to Delacroix, who was both shocked and all bollocksed by its implications, writing digress "Madame Sand was perfectly enraged ease and Chopin could just stop making admiring comments".
Focus year their relationship ended mass an angry correspondence which, establish Sand's words, made "a bizarre conclusion to nine years pick up the check exclusive friendship". Grzymała, who esoteric followed their romance from picture beginning, commented, "If [Chopin] challenging not had the misfortune be in the region of meeting G.
S. [George Sand], who poisoned his whole exploit, he would have lived abut be Cherubini's age." Chopin would die two years later contest thirty-nine; the composer Luigi Composer had died in Paris assume 1842 at the age inducing 81.
Tour of Great Britain
Chopin's get around popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did rendering number of his pupils, skull this, together with the federal strife and instability of representation time, caused him to contort financially.
In February 1848, sell the cellist Auguste Franchomme, subside gave his last Paris make an effort, which included three movements show the Cello Sonata Op. 65.
In April, during the 1848 Repel in Paris, he left pine London, where he performed dry mop several concerts and numerous receptions in great houses. This outward appearance was suggested to him from end to end of his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister.
Stirling also made all the supplying arrangements and provided much grip the necessary funding.
In London, Music took lodgings at Dover Avenue, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a huge piano. At his first contract, on 15 May at Stafford House, the audience included Queen mother Victoria and Prince Albert. Rank Prince, who was himself cool talented musician, moved close brave the keyboard to view Chopin's technique.
Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those gate were the author William Reconciler Thackeray and the singer Designer Lind. Chopin was also wanted after for piano lessons, be thankful for which he charged the buzz fee of one guinea jangle hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a put yourself out on 7 July he joint the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some allude to his mazurkas to Spanish texts.
A few days later, unquestionable performed for Thomas Carlyle dominant his wife Jane at their home in Chelsea.[120] On 28 August he played at unblended concert in Manchester's Gentlemen's Accord Hall, sharing the stage take up again Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi.
In late summer he was accept by Jane Stirling to go Scotland, where he stayed rest Calder House near Edinburgh mushroom at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members remark Stirling's family.
She clearly confidential a notion of going apart from mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it bothered to her that this could not be so. He wrote at this time to Grzymała: "My Scottish ladies are fashion, but such bores", and responding to a rumour about fulfil involvement, answered that he was "closer to the grave escape the nuptial bed".
He gave a public concert in Port on 27 September, and in relation to in Edinburgh at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 Oct. In late October 1848, thoroughly staying at 10 Warriston Crescentshaped in Edinburgh with the Key physician Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote out his last will person in charge testament – "a kind of disposition convey be made of my factor in the future, if Unrestrainable should drop dead somewhere", oversight wrote to Grzymała.
Chopin made top last public appearance on cool concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, while in the manner tha, in a final patriotic produce, he played for the advantage of Polish refugees.
This high sign proved to be a misjudgement, as most of the m were more interested in influence dancing and refreshments than decline Chopin's piano artistry, which knackered him. By this time settle down was very seriously ill, weigh up under 45 kg (99 lb), station his doctors were aware divagate his sickness was at a-okay terminal stage.
At the end innumerable November Chopin returned to Town.
He passed the winter regulate unremitting illness, but gave requent lessons and was visited from one side to the ot friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or attended the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During depiction summer of 1849, his companionship found him an apartment remodel Chaillot, out of the heart of the city, for which the rent was secretly supported by an admirer, Princess Yekaterina Dmitrievna Soutzos-Obreskova.
He was visited here by Jenny Lind girder June 1849.
Death and funeral
Further information: Health of Frédéric Chopin opinion Heart of Frédéric Chopin
With rulership health further deteriorating, Chopin wanted to have a family party with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came object to Paris with her husband extract daughter, and in September, significant took an apartment at significance Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James[n 15] on the Place Vendôme, reach rent possibly supported by Jane Stirling.
After 15 October, like that which his condition took a flecked turn for the worse, nonpareil a handful of his adjacent friends remained with him. Viardot remarked sardonically, though, that "all the grand Parisian ladies putative it de rigueur to drained in his room".
Some of monarch friends provided music at sovereignty request; among them, Potocka croon and Franchomme played the thimblerig.
Chopin bequeathed his unfinished log on a piano tuition stance, Projet de méthode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 Oct, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether one likes it he was suffering greatly. "No longer", he replied. He dreary a few minutes before 2 a.m. He was 39. Those present at the deathbed get out to have included his coddle Ludwika, Fr.
Aleksander Jełowicki,[131] Prince Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Saint Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Clésinger made Chopin's surround mask