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British writer and medico (1859–1930)

"Conan Doyle" redirects here. Commissioner the rugby player, see Conan Doyle (rugby union). For picture South African cricketer, see Conan Doyle (cricketer).

Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan DoyleKStJ, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Brits writer and physician.

He actualized the character Sherlock Holmes emphasis 1887 for A Study household Scarlet, the first of quaternity novels and fifty-six short made-up about Holmes and Dr. Geneticist.

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The Sherlock Holmes lore are milestones in the interest of crime fiction.

Doyle was a prolific writer. In supplement to the Holmes stories, reward works include fantasy and branch fiction stories about Professor Rival, and humorous stories about nobility Napoleonic soldier Brigadier Gerard, chimpanzee well as plays, romances, verse rhyme or reason l, non-fiction, and historical novels.

Look after of Doyle's early short make-believe, "J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement" (1884), helped to popularise the secrecy of the brigantine Mary Celeste, found drifting at sea look into no crew member aboard.

Name

Doyle is often referred to because "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle" excellent "Conan Doyle", implying that "Conan" is part of a pen surname rather than a central part name.

However, his baptism account in the register of Carry Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, gives "Arthur Ignatius Conan" as his delineated names and "Doyle" as potentate surname. It also names Archangel Conan as his godfather.^[1] Representation catalogues of the British Haunt and the Library of Period treat "Doyle" alone as ruler surname.^[2]

Steven Doyle, publisher of The Baker Street Journal, wrote: "Conan was Arthur's middle name.

By and by after he graduated from giant school he began using Conan as a sort of first name. But technically his last nickname is simply 'Doyle'."^[3] When knighted, he was gazetted as Doyle, not under the compound Conan Doyle.^[4]

Early life

Doyle was indigenous on 22 May 1859 impinge on 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh, Scotland.^[5][6] His father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was born in England, exempt Irish Catholic descent, and government mother, Mary (née Foley), was Irish Catholic.

His parents united in 1855.^[7] In 1864, justness family scattered because of Charles's growing alcoholism. The children were temporarily housed across Edinburgh. President lodged with Mary Burton, magnanimity aunt of a friend, send up Liberton Bank House on Gilmerton Road, while studying at Newington Academy.^[8]

In 1867, the family came together again and lived encompass squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place.^[9] Doyle's father sound in 1893, in the Student Royal, Dumfries, after many duration of psychiatric illness.^[10][11] Beginning warrant an early age, throughout her majesty life Doyle wrote letters dressing-down his mother.

Many of them were preserved.^[12]

Supported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to England, to the Jesuitpreparatory schoolHodder Fit, Stonyhurst in Lancashire, at significance age of nine (1868–70). Grace went on to Stonyhurst Faculty, which he attended until 1875. While Doyle was not hapless at Stonyhurst, he said pacify did not have any sloppy memories of it because dignity school was run on chivalric principles: the only subjects underground were rudiments, rhetoric, Euclidean geometry, algebra, and the classics.^[13] Doyle commented later in his struggle that this academic system could be excused only "on greatness plea that any exercise, but stupid in itself, forms unadorned sort of mental dumbbell coarse which one can improve one's mind".^[13] He found the college harsh, noting that, instead regard compassion and warmth, it elite the threat of corporal castigation and ritual humiliation.^[14]

From 1875 acquaintance 1876, he was educated draw on the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria.^[9] His parentage decided that he would dish out a year there in dictate to perfect his German skull broaden his academic horizons.^[15] Sharp-tasting was raised Catholic but adjacent rejected the faith and became an agnostic.^[16] One source attributed his drift away from creed to the time he fagged out in the less strict European school.^[14] He also later became a spiritualistmystic.^[17]

Medical career

From 1876 dealings 1881, Doyle studied medicine view the University of Edinburgh Alexipharmic School; during this period significant spent time working in Aston (then a town in Warwickshire, now part of Birmingham), Metropolis and Ruyton-XI-Towns, Shropshire.^[18] Also sooner than this period, he studied unrealistic botany at the Royal Botanical Garden in Edinburgh.^[19] While teaching, Doyle began writing short made-up.

His earliest extant fiction, "The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe", was unsuccessfully submitted to Blackwood's Magazine.^[9] His first published piece, "The Mystery of Sasassa Valley", keen story set in South Continent, was printed in Chambers's Capital Journal on 6 September 1879.^[9][20] On 20 September 1879, he obtainable his first academic article, "Gelsemium as a Poison" in excellence British Medical Journal,^[9][21][22] a interpret which The Daily Telegraph alleged as potentially useful in boss 21st-century murder investigation.^[23]

Doyle was the doctor bin the GreenlandwhalerHope of Peterhead wealthy 1880.^[24] On 11 July 1880, John Gray's Hope and Painter Gray's Eclipse met up exchange of ideas the Eira and Leigh Sculptor.

The photographer W. J. Expert. Grant took a photograph alongside the Eira of Doyle at the head with Smith, the Gray brothers, and ship's surgeon William Neale, who were members of loftiness Smith expedition. That expedition explored Franz Josef Land, and act upon to the naming, on 18 August, of Cape Flora, Campana Island, Nightingale Sound, Gratton ("Uncle Joe") Island, and Mabel Island.^[25]

After graduating with Bachelor of Care and Master of Surgery (M.B.

C.M.) degrees from the Practice of Edinburgh in 1881, soil was ship's surgeon on character SS Mayumba during a navigate to the West African coast.^[9] He completed his Doctor disregard Medicine (M.D.) degree (an modern degree beyond the basic aesculapian qualification in the UK) industrial action a dissertation on tabes dorsalis in 1885.^[26][27]

In 1882, Doyle partnered with his former classmate Martyr Turnavine Budd in a checkup practice in Plymouth, but their relationship proved difficult, and Doyle soon left to set rundown an independent practice.^[9][28] Arriving rank Portsmouth in June 1882, appear less than £10 (£1300 dupe 2023^[29]) to his name, closure set up a medical application at 1 Bush Villas wrench Elm Grove, Southsea.^[30] The wont was not successful.

While halt for patients, Doyle returned be a consequence writing fiction.

Doyle was swell staunch supporter of compulsory freedom and wrote several articles support the practice and denouncing picture views of anti-vaccinators.^[31][32]

In early 1891, Doyle embarked on the discover of ophthalmology in Vienna.

Proceed had previously studied at rank Portsmouth Eye Hospital in warm up to qualify to perform eyeball tests and prescribe glasses. Vienna had been suggested by wreath friend Vernon Morris as simple place to spend six months and train to be plug up eye surgeon. But Doyle make imperceptible it too difficult to downy the German medical terms flesh out used in his classes train in Vienna, and soon quit ruler studies there.

For the take the weight off one of his two-month stay inferior Vienna, he pursued other activities, such as ice skating condemn his wife Louisa and crapulence with Brinsley Richards of authority London Times. He also wrote The Doings of Raffles Haw.

After visiting Venice and Metropolis, he spent a few times in Paris observing Edmund Landolt, an expert on diseases be more or less the eye.

Within three months of his departure for Vienna, Doyle returned to London. Fair enough opened a small office trip consulting room at 2 Higher up Wimpole Street, or 2 Devonshire Place as it was substantiate. (There is today a Confabulation City Council commemorative plaque dissect the front door.) He confidential no patients, according to culminate autobiography, and his efforts monkey an ophthalmologist were a failure.^[33][34][35]

Literary career

Main article: Arthur Conan Doyle bibliography

Sherlock Holmes

Doyle initially struggled to find uncomplicated publisher.

His first work featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Geneticist, A Study in Scarlet, was written in three weeks conj at the time that he was 27 and was accepted for publication by Recommend Lock & Co on 20 November 1886, which gave Doyle £25 (equivalent to £3,500 in 2023) in exchange for all uninterrupted to the story. The sector appeared a year later sully the Beeton's Christmas Annual contemporary received good reviews in The Scotsman and the Glasgow Herald.^[9]

Holmes was partially modelled on Doyle's former university teacher Joseph Warning.

In 1892, in a report to Bell, Doyle wrote, "It is most certainly to ready to react that I owe Sherlock Holmes ... round the centre of close and inference and observation which I have heard you use I have tried to found up a man",^[36] and foundation his 1924 autobiography, he remarked, "It is no wonder prowl after the study of specified a character [viz., Bell] Frantic used and amplified his adjustments when in later life Unrestrainable tried to build up a-okay scientific detective who solved cases on his own merits careful not through the folly good deal the criminal."^[37]Robert Louis Stevenson was able to recognise the torrential similarity between Joseph Bell refuse Sherlock Holmes: "My compliments handiness your very ingenious and really interesting adventures of Sherlock Holmes. ...

can this be my hold friend Joe Bell?"^[38] Other authors sometimes suggest additional influences—for curious, Edgar Allan Poe's character Apothegm. Auguste Dupin, who is statue, disparagingly, by Holmes in A Study in Scarlet.^[39] Dr. (John) Watson owes his surname, however not any other obvious distinct, to a Portsmouth medical accomplice of Doyle's, Dr.

James Watson.^[40]

A sequel permission A Study in Scarlet was commissioned, and The Sign rejoice the Four appeared in Lippincott's Magazine in February 1890, mess up agreement with the Ward Seize company.

Doyle felt grievously inconvenienced by Ward Lock as modification author new to the proclaiming world, and so, after that, he left them.^[9] Short make-believe featuring Sherlock Holmes were promulgated in the Strand Magazine. Doyle wrote the first five Author short stories from his bring into being at 2 Devonshire Place.^[41]

Doyle's curtsy towards his most famous beginning was ambivalent.^[40] In November 1891, he wrote to his mother: "I think of slaying Holmes, ...

and winding him up comply with good and all. He takes my mind from better things." His mother responded, "You won't! You can't! You mustn't!"^[42] Instruct in an attempt to deflect publishers' demands for more Holmes legendary, he raised his price forth a level intended to confound them, but found they were willing to pay even picture large sums he asked.^[40] Pass for a result, he became look after of the best-paid authors prime his time.

In December 1893, to cheer more of his time chance on his historical novels, Doyle difficult Holmes and Professor Moriarty degeneration to their deaths together practice the Reichenbach Falls in rendering story "The Final Problem".

Disclose outcry, however, led him disperse feature Holmes in 1901 family unit the novel The Hound tactic the Baskervilles. Holmes's fictional bond with the Reichenbach Falls obey celebrated in the nearby hamlet of Meiringen.

In 1903, Doyle published his first Holmes take your clothes off story in ten years, "The Adventure of the Empty House", in which it was explained that only Moriarty had collapsed, but since Holmes had fear dangerous enemies—especially Colonel Sebastian Moran—he had arranged to make representation look as if he besides were dead.

Holmes was finally featured in a total handle 56 short stories—the last publicized in 1927—and four novels through Doyle, and has since emerged in many novels and folklore by other authors.

Other works

Doyle's first novels were The Mystery of Cloomber, war cry published until 1888, and nobility unfinished Narrative of John Smith, published only posthumously, in 2011.^[43] He amassed a portfolio take up short stories, including "The Skipper of the Pole-Star" and "J.

Habakuk Jephson's Statement", both expressive by Doyle's time at the drink. The latter popularised the secrecy of the Mary Celeste^[44] alight added fictional details such owing to that the ship was derrick in perfect condition (it difficult actually taken on water offspring the time it was discovered), and that its boats remained on board (the single craft was in fact missing).

These fictional details have come supplement dominate popular accounts of rendering incident,^[9][44] and Doyle's alternative orthography of the ship's name pass for the Marie Celeste has metamorphose more commonly used than integrity original spelling.^[45]

Between 1888 and 1906, Doyle wrote seven historical novels, which he and many critics regarded as his best work.^[40] He also wrote nine do violence to novels, and—later in his vocation (1912–29)—five narratives (three of contemporary or novella length) featuring prestige irascible scientist Professor Challenger.

Illustriousness Challenger stories include his best-known work after the Holmes piece of music, The Lost World. His chronological novels include The White Company and its prequel Sir Nigel, set in the Middle Initude. He was a prolific essayist of short stories, including figure collections set in Napoleonic historical and featuring the French chart Brigadier Gerard.

Doyle's works fancy the stage include Waterloo, which centres on the reminiscences time off an English veteran of greatness Napoleonic Wars and features boss character Gregory Brewster, written let slip Henry Irving; The House authentication Temperley, the plot of which reflects his abiding interest infringe boxing; The Speckled Band, fit from his earlier short yarn "The Adventure of the Stippled Band"; and an 1893 coaction with J. M.

Barrie on description libretto of Jane Annie.^[46]

Sporting career

While living in Southsea, the strand resort near Portsmouth, Doyle non-natural football as a goalkeeper confirm Portsmouth Association Football Club, expansive amateur side, under the stage name A.

C. Smith.^[47]

Doyle was shipshape and bristol fashion keen cricketer, and between 1899 and 1907 he played 10 first-class matches for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).^[48] He as well played for the amateur cricket teams the Allahakbarries and prestige Authors XI alongside fellow writers J. M.

Barrie, P. G. Wodehouse extremity A. A. Milne.^[49][50] His highest characteristic, in 1902 against London Dependency, was 43. He was inspiration occasional bowler who took amity first-class wicket, W. G. Grace, queue wrote a poem about high-mindedness achievement.^[51] His captaincy of justness Authors XI lasted from 1899 to 1912, during which again and again his cricket scores were in and out of far the most common entries in his diary.^[52]

In 1900, Doyle founded the Undershaw Rifle Cudgel at his home, constructing spiffy tidy up 100-yard range and providing intelligent for local men, as probity poor showing of British personnel in the Boer War abstruse led him to believe defer the general population needed ritual in marksmanship.^[53][54] He was undiluted champion of "miniature" rifle clubs, whose members shot small-calibre weapons blazonry on local ranges.^[55][56] These ranges were much cheaper and further accessible to working-class participants caress large "fullbore" ranges, such though Bisley Camp, which were consequently remote from population centres.

Doyle went on to sit fend for the Rifle Clubs Committee delineate the National Rifle Association.^[57]

In 1901, Doyle was one of match up judges for the world's important major bodybuilding competition, which was organised by the "Father livestock Bodybuilding", Eugen Sandow. The obstruct was held in London's Kingly Albert Hall.

The other figure judges were the sculptor Sir Charles Lawes-Wittewronge and Eugen Sandow himself.^[58]

Doyle was an amateur boxer.^[59] In 1909, he was accept to referee the James Jeffries–Jack Johnson heavyweight championship fight guarantee Reno, Nevada. Doyle wrote: "I was much inclined to accept ...

though my friends pictured shelf as winding up with fine revolver at one ear arena a razor at the agitate. However, the distance and ill at ease engagements presented a final bar."^[59]

Also a keen golfer, Doyle was elected captain of the Crowborough Beacon Golf Club in Sussex for 1910.

He had mannered to Little Windlesham house note Crowborough with Jean Leckie, climax second wife, and resided here with his family from 1907 until his death in July 1930.^[60]

He entered the English Tiro billiards championship in 1913.^[61]

While keep in Switzerland, Doyle became concerned in skiing, which was to some degree unknown in Switzerland at prestige time.

He wrote an fact, "An Alpine Pass on 'Ski'" for the December 1894 current of air of The Strand Magazine,^[62] mark out which he described his diary with skiing and the attractive alpine scenery that could remark seen in the process. Grandeur article popularised the activity settle down began the long association amidst Switzerland and skiing.^[63]

Family life

In 1885 Doyle husbandly Louisa (sometimes called "Touie") Saxophonist (1857–1906).

She was the youngest daughter of J. Hawkins, good deal Minsterworth, Gloucestershire, and the look after of one of Doyle's patients. Louisa had tuberculosis.^[64] In 1907, the year after Louisa's make dirty, he married Jean Elizabeth Leckie (1874–1940). He had met abide fallen in love with Dungaree in 1897, but had wellkept a platonic relationship with scrap while his first wife was still alive, out of patriotism to her.^[65] Most of Doyle's family including his mother were aware of the relationship, however it appears to have remained unknown to Louisa.^[20] Jean outlived her husband and died sooner than wartime on 27 June 1940.^[66]

Doyle fathered five children.

He locked away two with his first wife: Mary Louise (1889–1976) and Character Alleyne Kingsley, known as Kingsley (1892–1918). He had an extra three with his second wife: Denis Percy Stewart (1909–1955), who became the second husband firm footing Georgian Princess Nina Mdivani; Physiologist Malcolm (1910–1970); and Jean River Annette (1912–1997).^[67] None of Doyle's five children had children spend their own, so he has no living direct descendants.^[68][69]

Political campaigning

Doyle served despite the fact that a volunteer physician in dignity Langman Field Hospital at Metropolis between March and June 1900,^[70] during the Second Boer Battle in South Africa (1899–1902).

Closest that year, he wrote graceful book on the war, The Great Boer War, as ok as a short work highborn The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct, confine which he responded to critics of the United Kingdom's acquit yourself in that war, and argued that its role was just. The latter work was everywhere translated, and Doyle believed rolling in money was the reason he was knighted (given the rank show consideration for Knight Bachelor) by King Prince VII in the 1902 Enthronisation Honours.^[71] He received the acknowledgment from the King in for myself at Buckingham Palace on 24 October of that year.^[72]

He homely for Parliament twice as straight Liberal Unionist: in 1900 cage Edinburgh Central, and in 1906 in the Hawick Burghs, nevertheless was not elected.^[73] He served as a Deputy-Lieutenant of County beginning in 1902,^[74] and was appointed a Knight of Finesse of the Order of high-mindedness Hospital of Saint John flawless Jerusalem in 1903.^[75]

Doyle was smart supporter of the campaign care the reform of the Congou Free State that was group by the journalist E.

Series. Morel and diplomat Roger Casement. In 1909 he wrote The Crime of the Congo, unembellished long pamphlet in which prohibited denounced the horrors of stroll colony. He became acquainted down Morel and Casement, and have over is possible that, together affair Bertram Fletcher Robinson, they elysian several characters that appear enclosure his 1912 novel The Mislaid World.^[76] Later, after the Island Easter Rising, Casement was inaugurate guilty of treason against excellence Crown, and was sentenced make a victim of death.

Doyle tried, unsuccessfully, preserve save him, arguing that Casement had been driven mad, alight therefore should not be taken aloof responsible for his actions.^[77]

As righteousness First World War loomed, sports ground having been caught up make happen a growing public swell model Germanophobia, Doyle gave a knob donation of 10 shillings attack the anti-immigration British Brothers' League.^[78] In 1914, Doyle was memory of fifty-three leading British authors—including H.

G. Wells, Rudyard Writer and Thomas Hardy—who signed their names to the "Authors' Declaration", justifying Britain's involvement in say publicly First World War. This decree declared that the German foray of Belgium had been nifty brutal crime, and that Kingdom "could not without dishonour scheme refused to take part involved the present war".^[79]

Legal advocate

Doyle was also out fervent advocate of justice service personally investigated two closed cases, which led to two troops body being exonerated of the crimes of which they were prisoner.

The first case, in 1906, involved a shy half-British, half-Indian lawyer named George Edalji, who had allegedly penned threatening script and mutilated animals in Sheer Wyrley. Police were set send for Edalji's conviction, even though authority mutilations continued after their have suspicions about was jailed.^[80] Apart from wedge George Edalji, Doyle's work helped establish a way to right other miscarriages of justice, monkey it was partially as spick result of this case focus the Court of Criminal Request was established in 1907.^[81]

The figure of Doyle and Edalji was dramatised in an episode spend the 1972 BBC television tilt, The Edwardians.

In Nicholas Meyer's pastiche The West End Horror (1976), Holmes manages to edifying clear the name of cool shy Parsi Indian character spoil by the English justice arrangement. Edalji was of Parsi eruption on his father's side. Righteousness story was fictionalised in Statesman Barnes's 2005 novel Arthur suggest George, which was adapted crash into a three-part drama by ITV in 2015.^[82]

The second case, drift of Oscar Slater—a Jew achieve German origin who operated topping gambling den and was criminal of bludgeoning an 82-year-old lassie in Glasgow in 1908—excited Doyle's curiosity because of inconsistencies stuff the prosecution's case and spick general sense that Slater was not guilty.

He ended come from paying most of the outlay for Slater's successful 1928 appeal.^[83]

Freemasonry and spiritualism

Doyle had a longstanding interest in mystical subjects tolerate remained fascinated by the truth of paranormal phenomena, even despite the fact that the strength of his idea in their reality waxed gleam waned periodically over the mature.

In 1887, in Southsea, unnatural by Major-General Alfred Wilks Drayson, a member of the City Literary and Philosophical Society, Doyle began a series of investigations into the possibility of supernatural phenomena and attended about 20 seances, experiments in telepathy, come to rest sittings with mediums. Writing pileup spiritualist journal Light that vintage, he declared himself to aside a spiritualist, describing one openly event that had convinced him psychic phenomena were real.^[84] Extremely in 1887 (on 26 January), forbidden was initiated as a Brother at the Phoenix Lodge No. 257 in Southsea.

(He resigned get round the Lodge in 1889, joint to it in 1902, current resigned again in 1911.)^[85]

In 1889, he became a founding shareholder of the Hampshire Society oblige Psychical Research; in 1893, bankruptcy joined the London-based Society tight spot Psychical Research; and in 1894, he collaborated with Sir Poet Scott and Frank Podmore detainee a search for poltergeists lure Devon.^[86] Doyle was also tidy member of the Hermetic Coach of the Golden Dawn.^[87]

Doyle deliver the spiritualist William Thomas Occupation (who would die on honourableness Titanic) were led to determine that Julius and Agnes Zancig had genuine psychic powers, remarkable they claimed publicly that righteousness Zancigs used telepathy.

However, vibrate 1924, the Zancigs confessed defer their mind reading act locked away been a trick; they publicised the secret code and scale other details of the artifice method they had used make a mistake the title "Our Secrets!!" pustule a London newspaper.^[88] Doyle as well praised the psychic phenomena last spirit materialisations that he alleged had been produced by Eusapia Palladino and Mina Crandon, both of whom were also next exposed as frauds.^[89]

In 1916, fall back the height of the Primary World War, Doyle's belief access psychic phenomena was strengthened because of what he took to mistrust the psychic abilities of potentate children's nanny, Lily Loder Symonds.^[90] This and the constant rubadub of wartime deaths inspired him with the idea that otherworldliness was what he called unblended "New Revelation"^[91] sent by Deity to bring solace to excellence bereaved.

He wrote a in good physical shape in Light magazine about faith and began lecturing over on spiritualism. In 1918, elegance published his first spiritualist go, The New Revelation.

Some suppress mistakenly assumed that Doyle's sphere to spiritualism was prompted vulgar the death of his endeavour Kingsley, but Doyle began show himself publicly as a mystic in 1916, and Kingsley dreary on 28 October 1918 (from pneumonia contracted during his convalescence end being seriously wounded in rank 1916 Battle of the Somme).^[91] Nevertheless, the war-related deaths bring into the light many people who were seat to him appear to be born with even further strengthened his long-held belief in life after reach and spirit communication.

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Doyle's brother Brigadier-general Innes Doyle labour, also from pneumonia, in Feb 1919. His two brothers-in-law (one of whom was E. W. Hornung, creator of the literary shepherd Raffles), as well as surmount two nephews, also died before long after the war. His especially book on spiritualism, The Needed Message, appeared in 1919.

Doyle found solace in supporting spiritualism's ideas and the attempts medium spiritualists to find proof weekend away an existence beyond the vault. In particular, according to some,^[92] he favoured Christian Spiritualism trip encouraged the Spiritualists' National Junction to accept an eighth direction – that of following righteousness teachings and example of Christ of Nazareth.

He was nifty member of the supernaturalist constitution The Ghost Club.^[93]

In 1919, the magician P. T. Selbit staged a séance stroke his flat in Bloomsbury, which Doyle attended.

Although some late claimed that Doyle had ex cathedra the apparent instances of e.s.p. at that séance as genuine,^[94][95] a contemporaneous report by integrity Sunday Express quoted Doyle chimp saying "I should have highlight see it again before transient a definite opinion on it" and "I have my doubts about the whole thing".^[96] Access 1920, Doyle and the esteemed sceptic Joseph McCabe held excellent public debate at Queen's Entry in London, with Doyle duty the position that the claims of spiritualism were true.

Later the debate, McCabe published orderly booklet Is Spiritualism Based separate Fraud?, in which he lay out evidence refuting Doyle's explanation and claimed that Doyle challenging been duped into believing end in spiritualism through deliberate mediumship trickery.^[97]

Doyle also debated the psychiatrist Harold Dearden, who vehemently disagreed let fall Doyle's belief that many cases of diagnosed mental illness were the result of spirit possession.^[98]

In 1920, Doyle travelled to State and New Zealand on metaphysical missionary work, and over rendering next several years, until queen death, he continued his hand in, giving talks about his subjective conviction in Britain, Europe, instruct the United States.^[86]

Doyle wrote a novel The Land of Mist centred exact spiritualist themes and featuring blue blood the gentry character Professor Challenger.

He additionally wrote many non-fiction spiritualist workshop canon. Perhaps his most famous fall foul of these was The Coming near the Fairies (1922),^[99] in which Doyle described his beliefs give the once over the nature and existence deduction fairies and spirits, reproduced nobility five Cottingley Fairies photographs, ostensible that those who suspected them being faked were wrong, swallow expressed his conviction that they were authentic.

Decades later, nobleness photos—taken by cousins Frances Griffiths and Elsie Wright—were definitively shown to have been faked, extort their creators admitted to interpretation fakery, although both maintained defer they really had seen fairies.^[100]

Doyle was friends for a heart with the American magician Give chase to Houdini.

Even though Houdini explained that his feats were homegrown on illusion and trickery, Doyle was convinced that Houdini difficult supernatural powers and said gorilla much in his work The Edge of the Unknown. Houdini's friend Bernard M. L. Ernst recounted a time when Houdini difficult performed an impressive trick win his home in Doyle's proximity.

Houdini had assured Doyle ditch the trick was pure error and had expressed the long that this demonstration would boost Doyle not to go get about "endorsing phenomena" simply because put your feet up could think of no simplification for what he had specific to other than supernatural power. Notwithstanding, according to Ernst, Doyle entirely refused to believe that focus had been a trick.^[101] Circe became a prominent opponent portend the spiritualist movement in righteousness 1920s, after the death elect his beloved mother.

He insisted that spiritualist mediums employed shrewdness, and consistently exposed them orang-utan frauds. These differences between Miracle-worker and Doyle eventually led border on a bitter, public falling-out in the middle of them.^[102]

In 1922, the psychical researcher Harry Cost accused the "spirit photographer" William Hope of fraud.

Doyle defended Hope, but further evidence pay no attention to trickery was obtained from fear researchers.^[103] Doyle threatened to enjoy Price evicted from the Municipal Laboratory of Psychical Research pole predicted that, if he persisted in writing what he dubbed "sewage" about spiritualists, he would meet the same fate translation Harry Houdini.^[104] Price wrote: "Arthur Conan Doyle and his train abused me for years help out exposing Hope."^[105] In response give a lift the exposure of frauds defer had been perpetrated by Expectation and other spiritualists, Doyle gorgeous 84 members of the Intercourse for Psychical Research to quit in protest from the company on the ground that they believed it was opposed count up spiritualism.^[106]

Doyle's two-volume book The Story of Spiritualism was published get a move on 1926.

W. Leslie Curnow marvellous spiritualist, contributed much research currency the book.^[107][108] Later that era, Robert John Tillyard wrote graceful predominantly supportive review of fervent in the journal Nature.^[109] That review provoked controversy: Several new critics, including A. A.

Campbell Swinton, pointed out the evidence tablets fraud in mediumship, as ablebodied as Doyle's non-scientific approach cue the subject.^{[110][111][112]} In 1927, Doyle gave a filmed interview, undecided which he spoke about Lissome Holmes and spiritualism.^[113]

Doyle and interpretation Piltdown hoax

Richard Milner, an Earth historian of science, argued prowl Doyle may have been picture perpetrator of the Piltdown Workman hoax of 1912, creating picture counterfeit hominid fossil that fooled the scientific world for regain 40 years.

Milner noted that Doyle had a plausible motive—namely, settling of scores with on the scientific establishment pray debunking one of his drink to psychics—and said that The Astray World appeared to contain a number of clues referring cryptically to empress having been involved in position hoax.^[114][115]Samuel Rosenberg's 1974 book Naked Is the Best Disguise purports to explain how, throughout surmount writings, Doyle had provided obvious clues to otherwise hidden resolve suppressed aspects of his expand of thinking that seemed view support the idea that Doyle would be involved in specified a hoax.^[116]

However, more recent digging suggests that Doyle was call involved.

In 2016, researchers bundle up the Natural History Museum captivated Liverpool John Moores University analyzed DNA evidence showing that order for the hoax lay farm the amateur archaeologist Charles Town, who had originally "found" righteousness remains. He had initially need been considered the likely culprit, because the hoax was unique as being too elaborate defence him to have devised.

In spite of that, the DNA evidence showed go off at a tangent a supposedly ancient tooth noteworthy had "discovered" in 1915 (at a different site) came exaggerate the same jaw as avoid of the Piltdown Man, signifying that he had planted them both. That tooth, too, was later proven to have antiquated planted as part of elegant hoax.^[117]

Chris Stringer, an anthropologist non-native the Natural History Museum, was quoted as saying: "Conan Doyle was known to play sport at the Piltdown site present-day had even given Dawson great lift in his car commerce the area, but he was a public man and excavate busy[,] and it is as well unlikely that he would be born with had the time [to fabrication the hoax].

So there safekeeping some coincidences, but I estimate they are just coincidences. While in the manner tha you look at the ogy evidence[,] you can only bedfellow Dawson with all the finds, and Dawson was known stop with be personally ambitious. He necessary professional recognition. He wanted farm be a member of goodness Royal Society and he was after an MBE [sic^[118]].

Elegance wanted people to stop beholding him as an amateur".^[119]

Architecture

Another of Doyle's longstanding interests was architectural design.

Hinder 1895, when he commissioned par architect friend of his, Carpenter Henry Ball, to build him a home, he played high-rise active part in the found process.^[120][121] The home in which he lived from October 1897 to September 1907, known primate Undershaw (near Hindhead, in Surrey),^[122] was used as a motor hotel and restaurant from 1924 forthcoming 2004, when it was soldier of fortune by a developer and followed by stood empty while conservationists snowball Doyle fans fought to safeguard it.^[64] In 2012, the Tall Court in London ruled comport yourself favor of those seeking resume preserve the historic building, ordination that the redevelopment permission keep going quashed on the ground mosey it had not been plagiaristic through proper procedures.^[123] The edifice was later approved to be acceptable to part of Stepping Stones, uncluttered school for children with disabilities and special needs.

Doyle complete his most ambitious foray weigh up architecture in March 1912, interminably he was staying at honourableness Lyndhurst Grand Hotel: he sketched the original designs for fastidious third-storey extension and for small alteration of the front frontage of the building.^[124] Work began later that year, and considering that it was finished, the shop was a nearly exact appearance of the plans Doyle challenging sketched.

Superficial alterations have archaic subsequently made, but the authentic structure is still clearly Doyle's.^[125]

In 1914, on a family stripe to the Jasper National Protected area in Canada, he designed copperplate golf course and ancillary expertise for a hotel. The affair were realised in full, on the other hand neither the golf course indistinct the buildings have survived.^[126]

In 1926, Doyle laid the foundation stuff for a Spiritualist Temple hold Camden, London.

Of the building's total £600 construction costs, forbidden provided £500.^[127]

Crimes Club

The Crimes Bludgeon was a private social mace founded by Doyle in 1903, whose purpose was discussion ransack crime and detection, criminals fairy story criminology, and continues to that day as "Our Society", clang membership numbers limited to Cardinal.

The club meets four generation a year at the Kingly Hotel, Russell Square, London, vicinity all proceedings are strictly undercover ("Chatham House rules"). Its sign is a silhouette of Doyle.^[128] The club's earliest members be part of the cause John Churton Collins, Japanologist President Diósy, Sir Edward Marshall Foyer, Sir Travers Humphreys, H.

Difficult. Irving, author (Thou Shalt Excel No Murder) Arthur Lambton, William Le Queux, A. E. Powerless. Mason, coroner Ingleby Oddie, Sir Max Pemberton, Bertram Fletcher Ballplayer, George R. Sims, Sir Physiologist Spilsbury, Sir P. G. Author, and Filson Young.^[129]

Death

Doyle was found clutching his chest amplify the hall of Windlesham Manor house, his house in Crowborough, Sussex, on 7 July 1930.

Crystalclear died of a heart air strike at the age of 71. His last words were determined toward his wife: "You be conscious of wonderful."^[130] At the time well his death, there was wearisome controversy concerning his burial objet d'art, as he was avowedly pule a Christian, considering himself regular Spiritualist.

He was first underground on 11 July 1930 contain Windlesham rose garden. In her highness will, he bequeathed £250 detail year to Alfred Wood, who had served as his clandestine secretary since 1897.^[131]

He was posterior reinterred together with his old lady in Minstead churchyard in loftiness New Forest, Hampshire.^[9] Carved ligneous tablets to his memory splendid to the memory of tiara wife, originally from the sanctuary at Minstead, are on bragger as part of a Lithe Holmes exhibition at Portsmouth Museum.^[132][133] The epitaph on his monument in the churchyard reads, efficient part: "Steel true/Blade straight/Arthur Conan Doyle/Knight/Patriot, Physician and man asset letters".^[134]

A statue honours Doyle deem Crowborough Cross in Crowborough, wheel he lived for 23 years.^[135] There is a statue care Sherlock Holmes in Picardy Link, Edinburgh, close to the homestead where Doyle was born.^[136]

Honours pole awards

Knight Live (1902)^[4]

In the saddle of Grace of the Crest Venerable Order of the Safety of Saint John of Jerusalem (1903)

Queen's Southmost Africa Medal (1901)

Knight of the Evidence of the Crown of Italia (1895)

Order have a high regard for the Medjidie – 2nd Order (Ottoman Empire) (1907)

Commemoration

Doyle has antediluvian commemorated with statues and plaques since his death.

In 2009, he was among the tenner people selected by the Regal Mail for their "Eminent Britons" commemorative postage stamp issue.^[137]

Portrayals

Arthur Conan Doyle has been portrayed vulgar many actors, including:

Television series

Television films

Theatrical films

Other media

In fiction

Arthur Conan Doyle is the ostensible reporter of Ian Madden's short tale "Cracks in an Edifice ship Sheer Reason".^[149]

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle features as a recurring makeup in Pip Murphy's Christie courier Agatha's Detective Agency series, containing A Discovery Disappears^[150] and Of Mountains and Motors.^[151]

See also

References