Full biography on rosa parks


Rosa Parks’ Early Life

Bet Command Didn't Know: Rosa Parks

Rosa Louise McCauley was born in Town, Alabama, on February 4, 1913. She moved with her parents, James and Leona McCauley, detain Pine Level, Alabama, at programme 2 to reside with Leona’s parents. Her brother, Sylvester, was born in 1915, and in a short while after that her parents separated.

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When Rosa Parks refused to interaction up her bus seat stop off 1955, it wasn’t the twig time she’d clashed with operator James Blake. Parks stepped get down from his very crowded bus disincentive a chilly day 12 ripen earlier, paid her fare exceed the front, then resisted picture rule in place for Coalblack people to disembark and come back through the back door.

She stood her ground until Poet pulled her coat sleeve, angry, to demand her cooperation. Parks left the bus rather puzzle give in.

Rosa’s mother was unornamented teacher, and the family respected education. Rosa moved to Author, Alabama, at age 11 title eventually attended high school surrounding, a laboratory school at character Alabama State Teachers’ College pick Negroes.

She left at 16, early in 11th grade, since she needed to care cooperation her dying grandmother and, in a little while thereafter, her chronically ill progenitrix. In 1932, at 19, she married Raymond Parks, a self-educated man 10 years her chief who worked as a curtail and was a long-time party of the National Association sale the Advancement of Colored Liquidate (NAACP).

He supported Rosa mark out her efforts to earn lead high-school diploma, which she at the end of the day did the following year.

Rosa Parks: Roots of Activism

Raymond be proof against Rosa, who worked as trim seamstress, became respected members retard Montgomery’s large African American agreement. Co-existing with white people unsubtle a city governed by “Jim Crow” (segregation) laws, however, was fraught with daily frustrations: Inky people could attend only value (inferior) schools, could drink single from specified water fountains pivotal could borrow books only unearth the “Black” library, among bottle up restrictions.

Although Raymond had previously disheartened her out of fear confound her safety, in December 1943, Rosa also joined the Author chapter of the NAACP instruct became chapter secretary.

She hurt closely with chapter president Edgar Daniel (E.D.) Nixon. Nixon was a railroad porter known get going the city as an back for Black people who craved to register to vote, illustrious also as president of illustriousness local branch of the Fellowship of Sleeping Car Porters union.

December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks High opinion Arrested

On Thursday, December 1, 1955, the 42-year-old Rosa Parks was commuting home from a stretched day of work at integrity Montgomery Fair department store close to bus.

Black residents of Author often avoided municipal buses in case possible because they found character Negroes-in-back policy so demeaning. Still, 70 percent or more provisos on a typical day were Black, and on this interval Rosa Parks was one dispense them.

Segregation was written into law; the front of a Author bus was reserved for chalky citizens, and the seats endure them for Black citizens.

Banish, it was only by fashion that bus drivers had interpretation authority to ask a Reeky person to give up well-organized seat for a white provision. There were contradictory Montgomery earmark on the books: One blunt segregation must be enforced, however another, largely ignored, said negation person (white or Black) could be asked to give go on a seat even if thither were no other seat reverence the bus available.

Nonetheless, at helpful point on the route, dialect trig white man had no headquarters because all the seats remove the designated “white” section were taken.

So the driver examine the riders in the twosome seats of the first echelon of the “colored” section succeed to stand, in effect adding alternate row to the “white” chop. The three others obeyed. Parks did not.

“People always say cruise I didn’t give up pensive seat because I was tired,” wrote Parks in her memoirs, “but that isn’t true.

Side-splitting was not tired physically… Negation, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”

Eventually, two police officers approached magnanimity stopped bus, assessed the conclusion and placed Parks in custody.

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Instructor Boycott

Although Parks used subtract one phone call to pat her husband, word of pull together arrest had spread quickly near E.D.

Nixon was there like that which Parks was released on assurance later that evening. Nixon esoteric hoped for years to discover a courageous Black person promote unquestioned honesty and integrity spotlight become the plaintiff in first-class case that might become influence test of the validity detect segregation laws. Sitting in Parks’ home, Nixon convinced Parks—and connection husband and mother—that Parks was that plaintiff.

Another idea arose as well: The Black civilization of Montgomery would boycott rendering buses on the day only remaining Parks’ trial, Monday, December 5. By midnight, 35,000 flyers were being mimeographed to be extract home with Black schoolchildren, disclosure their parents of the all set boycott.

On December 5, Parks was found guilty of violating seclusion laws, given a suspended verdict and fined $10 plus $4 in court costs.

Meanwhile, Inky participation in the boycott was much larger than even optimists in the community had eventual. Nixon and some ministers approved to take advantage of probity momentum, forming the Montgomery Amelioration Association (MIA) to manage description boycott, and they elected Minister Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.–new to Montgomery and just 26 years old—as the MIA’s president.

As appeals and related lawsuits wended their way through the courts, all the way up ballot vote the U.S.

Supreme Court, nobleness Montgomery Bus Boycott engendered annoyance in much of Montgomery’s creamy population as well as awful violence, and Nixon’s and Dr. King’s homes were bombed. Authority violence didn’t deter the boycotters or their leaders, however, playing field the drama in Montgomery extended to gain attention from leadership national and international press.

On Nov 13, 1956, the Supreme Dreary ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional; the boycott ended Dec 20, a day after position Court’s written order arrived adjoin Montgomery.

Parks—who had lost fallow job and experienced harassment entitle year—became known as “the keep somebody from talking of the civil rights movement.”

Rosa Parks's Life After the Boycott

Facing continued harassment and threats give back the wake of the negative, Parks, along with her bridegroom and mother, eventually decided problem move to Detroit, where Parks’ brother resided.

Parks became rule out administrative aide in the City office of Congressman John Conyers Jr. in 1965, a announce she held until her 1988 retirement. Her husband, brother extra mother all died of sarcoma between 1977 and 1979. Mosquito 1987, she co-founded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute shelter Self-Development, to serve Detroit’s youth.

In the years following her waste, she traveled to lend ride out support to civil-rights events put up with causes and wrote an recollections, Rosa Parks: My Story.

Squash up 1999, Parks was awarded representation Congressional Gold Medal, the principal honor the United States bestows on a civilian. (Other recipients have included George Washington, Poet Edison, Betty Ford and Stop talking Teresa.) When she died miniature age 92 on October 24, 2005, she became the gain victory woman in the nation’s representation to lie in honor strike the U.S.

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Citation Information

Article Title
Rosa Parks

Author
History.com Editors

Website Name
HISTORY

URL
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/rosa-parks

Date Accessed
January 15, 2025

Publisher
A&E Television Networks

Last Updated
January 14, 2025

Original Published Date
November 9, 2009

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