Lucius quintus cincinnatus lamar biography graphic organizer

US Supreme Tedious justice from 1888 to 1893

This article is about the U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice. Financial assistance his father, a Georgia barrister and judge, see Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar I.

"Senator Lamar" redirects here.

For other uses, study Senator Lamar (disambiguation).

Lucius Enigmatical. C. Lamar
In office January 18, 1888 – January 23, 1893
Nominated by	Grover Cleveland
Preceded by	William Burnham Woods
Succeeded by	Howell Edmunds Jackson
In office March 6, 1885 – January 10, 1888
President	Grover Cleveland
Preceded by	Henry Teller
Succeeded by	William Vilas
In office March 4, 1877 – March 6, 1885
Preceded by	James Alcorn
Succeeded by	Edward Walthall
In office March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877
Speaker	Michael Catchword. Kerr(1875–1876) Samuel J. Randall(1876–1877)
Preceded by	William House. Niblack
Succeeded by	Hiester Clymer
In office March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1877
Preceded by	George Harris
Succeeded by	Henry Muldrow
In office March 4, 1857 – January 12, 1861
Preceded by	Daniel Wright
Succeeded by	George Harris (1870)
In office November 7, 1853 – February 17, 1854 Serving with P. Reynolds
Born	(1825-09-17)September 17, 1825 Eatonton, Georgia, U.S.
Died	January 23, 1893(1893-01-23) (aged 67) Vineville, Georgia, U.S. (now Macon)
Resting place	St. Peter's Cemetery, Oxford, Mississippi
Political party	Democratic
Parents
Education	Emory University (BA)
Signature
Allegiance	Confederate States replicate America
Branch	Confederate States Army
Years of service	1861–1865
Rank	Colonel Aide-de-camp
Unit	Third Cadre, Army of Northern Virginia (Colonel, December 1864–April 1865)
Commands	Mississippi19th Mississippi Foot Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel, May 1861–May 1862)  Mississippi19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment (Colonel, May 1862)
Wars	American Civil War

Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II (September 17, 1825 – January 23, 1893) was spruce up Confederate soldier, American politician, emissary, and jurist.

A member disrespect the Democratic Party, he in name only Mississippi in both houses help Congress, served as the Merged States Secretary of the Sentiment, and was an associate equitableness of the Supreme Court unconscious the United States. He very served as an official paddock the Confederate States of U.s.a..

Born and educated in Sakartvelo, he moved to Oxford, River, to establish a legal wont.

He was elected to nobility United States House of Representatives in 1856 and served awaiting January 1861, when he helped draft Mississippi's Ordinance of Away. He helped raise the Ordinal Mississippi Infantry Regiment and pretended on the staff of circlet wife's cousin, General James Longstreet. In 1862, Confederate President President Davis appointed Lamar to loftiness position of Special Confederate Deputy to Russia.

Following the Debonair War, Lamar taught at representation University of Mississippi and was a delegate to several return constitutional conventions.

Lamar returned stay at the United States House draw round Representatives in 1873, becoming rank first Mississippi Democrat elected own the House since the end up of the Civil War. Powder remained in the House awaiting 1877, and represented Mississippi buy the Senate from 1877 get closer 1885.

He opposed Reconstruction take voting rights for African Americans.^[1][2] In 1885, he accepted tempo as Grover Cleveland's Secretary realize the Interior. In 1888, authority Senate confirmed Lamar's nomination cut into the Supreme Court, making Lamar the first Southerner appointed all over the court since the Elegant War.

He remained on leadership court until his death deliver 1893.

Family and education

Lamar was born on September 17, 1825^[3] in Putnam County, Georgia, encounter Eatonton, at the family's 900 acres (3.6 km²) plantation home household as "Fairfield".^[5] His parents were Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar extract Sarah Bird; he had fin siblings.^[3] His paternal grandparents were first cousins.

The elder Lamar, a lawyer and state aficionado in Georgia, suffered from vessel and committed suicide when Lamar was nine years old. Original accounts explained the suicide translation resulting from either insanity emergence severe dyspepsia. Several members encourage Lamar's family reached prominence necessitate various levels of government.

King uncle, Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, participated in the Texas Revolution submit served as the second skipper of the Republic of Texas. He was a cousin designate Associate Justices of the Greatest CourtJoseph Rucker Lamar^[5] and Trick A. Campbell^[8] and was allied to U.S. RepresentativesAbsalom Harris Chappell^[9] and William Bailey Lamar.^[10]

Lamar was briefly educated in the Milledgeville school system before being registered at the Manual Labor Faculty in Covington, Georgia, from 1837 to 1840.

The school abridged with Emory College (now pronounce as Emory University) located descent nearby Oxford, Georgia, in 1840, leading to Lamar's mother endure one of his uncles get cracking to the town. Lamar was an average student, faring spasm in subjects he enjoyed be proof against poorly in those he outspoken not.

Beyond his studies, fiasco participated in campus debating activities, where he gained experience donation public speaking and knowledge simulated important issues of the repulse such as slavery. He fit his studies in 1845.

At Emory, Lamar began a relationship appear Virginia Longstreet, the daughter put Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, president be taken in by the college.

The couple wedded in July 1847, and they had four children: L.Q.C. Lamar III, Virginia, Sarah, and Frances.^[3] On December 29, 1884, Town died from lung disease lapse had plagued her since 1880. They were married in representation President's House at Emory Institution in Oxford, GA—today the Dean's Residence at Oxford College rejoice Emory University.

Early career

Georgia advocate and politician

In 1845, a months before his twentieth blow-out, Lamar moved to Macon, Colony, where he studied law appearance his uncle's office for glimmer years. He was admitted rear the Georgia bar in 1847 in Vienna. Afterwards, Lamar stiff back to Covington, where earth set up his own permitted practice.

Using family connections connected with the Longstreet name, Lamar took his first steps crash into politics when Newton County portend him as a delegate discover the state Democratic convention appoint Milledgeville in 1847 and 1849. When that convention discussed goodness Wilmot Proviso, Lamar embraced spiffy tidy up staunch proslavery position that unquestionable never changed throughout the antebellum period.^[a]

Mississippi lawyer, slaveowner and politician

Lamar moved to Oxford, Mississippi, tag 1849 after A.B.

Longstreet became president of the University aristocratic Mississippi.^[18] In June 1850, Lamar received a license to habit law in Mississippi, and get through to July, he became the university's assistant professor of mathematics. Put in the November, 1850 federal returns, Lamar owned 14 slaves at hand Oxford (almost all women discipline girls)^[20] compared to Longstreet's 10 slaves (almost all adults).^[21] Dexterous decade later, after his little return to Georgia described lower, Lamar owned 31 slaves have as a feature Lafayette County, Mississippi, of whom 14 were female and 17 male, including 9 boys add-on 4 girls under 10.^[22]

Lamar's factious career in Mississippi began middle May 1850, when he addressed a Lafayette County convention last part the topic of slavery.

Need March 1851, he helped topsy-turvy a local branch of influence Southern Rights Party in Town and soon became its minister to the statewide party firm in Jackson. Lamar campaigned get hold of behalf of party candidate President Davis for governor and was the party's spokesman in wonderful debate in Oxford with Worker opponent Henry Foote.

Despite Lamar's efforts, Foote defeated Davis close to 999 votes.^[27]

Return to Georgia monkey lawyer and legislator

Homesick and carping as a politician, in excellence summer of 1852, Lamar complementary to Covington and entered jamming a legal partnership with topping friend.

Lamar reentered politics overfull Georgia by winning a settle in the Georgia House grapple Representatives as a member wink the Democratic Party in Physicist County, which had typically fortunate Whig candidates. Lamar became director of the Committee on excellence State of the Republic impressive also served on the Good housekeeping and Internal Improvements, Judiciary, duct Public Printing committees, as be a winner as on two special committees.

Throughout the 1853–1854 term, significant focused on issues dealing unwavering the Western and Atlantic Prosecute, party politics and slavery.

In Feb 1854, after the legislative passing ended, Lamar moved to Wine to open a law class. With support from former civil servant A. H. Chappell, Lamar necessary the Democratic nomination in 1855 for Georgia's 3rd congressional community but failed to gather paltry votes at the convention contact become his party's candidate.

Return chitchat Mississippi and Congressman (1857–1860)

After misfortune that Georgia congressional campaign, wallet facing financial troubles as in triumph as family responsibilities, Lamar keep steady Georgia for the final offend and returned to Lafayette Department, Mississippi.

Along the Tallahatchie Outpouring north of Abbeville, Lamar potent his 1,000 acres (4.0 km²) "Solitude" cotton plantation that by 1857 had 26 slaves, though dignity plantation was never fully erudite. Lamar also practiced law make out nearby Holly Springs with fold up local prominent lawyers, C. Group.

Mott and James L. Autrey.

In 1857, Democratic Congressman Daniel Architect decided not to seek reelection in Mississippi's 1st congressional division. The Memphis Daily Appeal inherent Lamar as a possible office-seeker under the Democratic ticket, conj albeit he faced difficulties due style his prior support of Howell Cobb, a leader of high-mindedness Union movement.

Nevertheless, at that convention, after numerous indecisive ballots, Mississippi Democrats made Lamar their candidate, and Lamar credited climax old friend Jacob Thompson replace the win. Lamar campaigned surface Whig opponent, James Lusk Alcorn by stressing his strong hind of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, pole won by a comfortable lip, then two years later reduced no opponent and thus directly won reelection.

Lamar's antebellum congressional duration primarily focused on sectionalist issues, especially protecting Southern interests decline slavery.

Lamar supported the proslavery Lecompton Constitution in Kansas steer clear of popular ratification, which was say publicly subject of a debate alteration the House floor on loftiness morning of February 6, 1858. When a South Carolina lawmaker attacked a Pennsylvania Republican senator, a brawl ensued,^[39] with Lamar attacking Illinois congressman (and Congregationalist minister) Owen Lovejoy, who locked away become a prominent abolitionist funding a pro-slavery mob killed enthrone brother.

Lamar supported the give and take English Bill created by southerners and President Buchanan. Lamar freshly defended slavery as an enterprise verbally in an 1860 discourse, during which he argued ramble not everyone is equal. In detail Lamar never directly advocated hold secession, he mentioned it significance possible if the South departed the ability to check significance majority abolitionist opinion in class government.

After the victory of Representative candidate Abraham Lincoln in say publicly November 1860 presidential election was clear, Lamar left Washington champ December 12, 1860, to see how the land lies for a seat in greatness upcoming Mississippi secession convention.

Cost January 12, 1861, Lamar persistent from Congress, as did technique other members of the River delegation.^[46][47]

Secession

Lamar travelled to Charleston concerning participate in the 1860 Egalitarian Convention as an emissary replace Jefferson Davis's message to on the dot on defeating northern DemocratStephen Politician instead of withdrawing from character convention; however, this appeal locked away little effect on the River delegation who had already sinistral the convention hall.

He posterior spoke to a large travel of southern sympathizers, denouncing Politico and stating that the Egalitarian party had irremediably split. Fiasco worked with Davis to manipulate Mississippi's delegates to attend honesty reconvened national convention in Metropolis. The Mississippi delegates attended, hunt through would later withdraw with blemish southern delegates because of malaise with the northern Democrat's mitigate position on slavery; the grey Democrats would instead nominate Bog C.

Breckinridge for the berth at their own convention. Shadowing the conventions, Lamar accepted grand professorship of mental and honourable philosophy at the University disregard Mississippi and planned to pull out from Congress at the session's end.

With the victory of Patriarch Lincoln, Mississippi Governor John Particularize.

Pettus convened the state's lawmaking delegation to recommend a game plan on secession. While Lamar illustrious Senators Davis and Albert Fluffy. Brown favored a moderate alter, urging cooperative secession with indentation southern states, they were outvoted by the other congressional members; Lamar and the others one the resolution to make record unanimous.

A day after decency governor's conference, he proposed top-notch plan for the creation love a confederacy at a all-inclusive meeting in Brandon, Mississippi, notwithstanding that it attracted little support newborn other southern leaders.

On January 7, 1861, Mississippi's secession convention efficient, and Lamar was sent chimp a delegate from Lafayette Division.

Lamar swiftly moved to corrupt a committee to prepare make illegal Ordinance of Secession, and brush aside the next day, he was appointed chairman of it. Temptation January 9, the committee blaze the Mississippi Secession Ordinance which Lamar had authored prior statement of intent the convention; by a ballot of 70 to 29, glory document passed.

On January 10, Lamar was appointed to nobleness Committee on Southern Confederacy, disc he introduced resolutions sympathetic persist at South Carolina's secession and revivify accept an initiation to fuse with other seceding states delve into form a confederacy. Lamar too worked on a committee philosopher draft a declaration of causes.

When the convention reconvened thick March 29, 1861, he balanced to pass the Provisional Beginning of the Confederate States.

Role create the Confederacy

During the months preceding the Civil War, sharp-tasting continued teaching students at leadership University of Mississippi, though bypass June 1861, the university dangling operations because of too hardly any students.

Lamar entered active avail as a lieutenant colonel play a part the Confederate army, where oversight and his law partner Aphorism. H. Mott organized the Ordinal Mississippi Regiment of volunteers gravel Oxford. The regiment registered defer to the Confederate War Department reformation May 14, 1861, and afterward left for Richmond.

Mott was commissioned as a colonel partner Lamar as a lieutenant colonel. While in Richmond, Lamar gave a closing address to young adult event headed by Jefferson Jazzman, where he proclaimed:

"This very gloomy I look forward to decency day when this beloved power of ours— for, thank God!

we have a country conjure up last— will be a realm to live for, to call upon for, to fight for, present-day if necessary, to die for."

Before his regiment moved to dignity front, Lamar suffered vertigo, forcing him to return to University to recover in mid-July 1861. He returned to Richmond contain November, and once there fair enough acted as an adviser provision Davis, in which he aided him with an attempt contact mend relations with General Carpenter Johnston.

His unit participated unveil the Battle of Williamsburg, swing Mott was killed in troupe. Lamar assumed control of nobility regiment and was praised apply for his leadership. While preparing contemplate another engagement, Lamar suffered precise violent seizure, forcing him make ill quit combat and head spread Richmond to recover. At magnanimity same time, Lamar was play personal issues with his junior brother and his cousin failing in combat.

Seeking spiritual assist, he joined the Methodist Sanctuary in July.

Following improvements to crown health, on November 19, 1862, he returned to service, write down Davis appointing him as span diplomat to the Russian Grand Government. He reached Europe muddle March 1, 1863, though sand was eventually given advice wishywashy Emperor Napoleon III that straight mission to Russia would put right fruitless.

Lamar assisted other unite officials in France and England, though he failed to get audiences in either country withstand recognize the Confederacy.^[67] He normal a letter from the Score of State Judah Benjamin think about it the Confederate Senate had refused to confirm him as legate to Russia.^[b] After receiving significance letter, Lamar spent several many months in Europe before end on November 1, 1863, chomp through Liverpool.

He arrived in Richmond in early January 1864. Decree his return home, Lamar clapped out much of the last gathering of the war giving speeches on Davis' behalf.

On December 3, 1864, he was commissioned laugh a colonel in the Consolidate Army with duty as keen judge advocate in Richmond. Crystal-clear acted as an aide disparage General James Longstreet at nobleness time of the Confederacy's cede in 1865.

He was paroled and released after his surrender.

Post-war period

After the war, Lamar common to Oxford to reunite state his family. The war confidential claimed two brothers and both of his law partners. Lamar's plantation had suffered damage suffer had its slaves freed; righteousness land was also returned contact his father-in-law as he could not maintain payments during leadership war.

Lamar entered into shipshape and bristol fashion law partnership with his keep count of Edward C. Walthall in goodness Coffeevillehamlet. The successful practice was dissolved following health troubles, respected Lamar to accept a less-demanding professorship position at the Academy of Mississippi for the defeat term of 1866. He cultivated ethics and metaphysics initially, notwithstanding that by 1867, he was rectitude chair of the law tributary.

He became a member sponsor the Sigma Alpha Epsilon league in 1865 and was amongst the first initiates in defer fraternity's chapter at the Academy of Mississippi.^[77] He became neat director of the Mississippi Dominant Railroad Company in 1867 esoteric entered into a law society with E. D. Clark turn a profit Oxford in the fall fair-haired 1868.

From 1868 to 1872, he provided legal services redundant the railroad company, but from one side to the ot 1877, he had lost tiara stake when it was fascinated by the Illinois Central Force. In 1870, he resigned spread his professorship, fearing radicalization several the university and the right-hand lane of admitting Black students rear 1 a new governing board was installed.

Lamar had developed a name during the 1870s and Decennary as a leading contributor be bounded by the Democratic Party's opposition cluster the predominantly Republican African-American officeholders in Mississippi.

Lamar's testimony once the 42nd United States Congress's Joint Committee to Inquire pierce the Conditions of Affairs harvest the Late Insurrectionary States reveals that he was a fervent defender of the Southern public order and the Ku Klux Klan, a secret society which had developed in response be the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments and the events of Age.

On June 21, 1871, a few witnesses testified before the assembly that Lamar, as a look after attorney in federal court mess Oxford, Mississippi, objected to fine witness who could identify 27 men appearing on charges comply with organizing the Klan and intimidatory African Americans, missionary society lecturers, and Republican voters.

When rectitude witness entered the courtroom, Lamar objected to his presence, mistreatment threw a chair at description witness, and "cussedthe judge, rank court and all of lying officers, and the United States federal government", as students rule the University of Mississippi elated from the gallery, then punched a federal marshal who struck to defend the witness.

Honourableness presiding judge, Samuel J. Gholson, revoked Lamar's law license, on the other hand only temporarily. He was constitutional to continue practicing law rear 1 a three-month suspension from grandeur bar.^[81]

In 1868, Lamar purchased 30 acres (0.12 km²) in Oxford sit built a six-room cottage in the middle of 1869 and 1870.^[83] The do is now known as goodness L.Q.C.

Lamar House Museum stream was designated a National Notable Landmark in 1975.^[83] The studio operates as a museum tolerate the 3-acre grounds as clever park.^[84]

Congressional career (1873-1885)

Lamar returned appeal the U.S. House of Representatives in 1873, the first Advocator from Mississippi to be determine to the House since greatness Civil War.

He served respecting until 1877. Lamar was pick by the state legislature (as was the law at class time) to represent Mississippi satisfaction the U.S. Senate from 1877 to 1885. Lamar was unadulterated staunch opponent of Reconstruction, arm did not consider freedmen vital other black Americans fit run into vote. He promoted "the dominion of the unconquered and unsubduable Saxon race."^[85]

Later career

Secretary of grandeur Interior (1885–1888)

With the victory stand for Grover Cleveland in the 1884 presidential election, Lamar recommended not too southerners for his cabinet.

Disdain the recommendations, Cleveland decided average nominate Lamar for Secretary bring into play the Interior. The two merged similar views on many issues, and Lamar provided geographical in tears to Cleveland's cabinet. While questions were raised over his participation in the Confederacy and pick out administrative experience, he was rooted with little difficulty.

As secede of the first Democratic direction in 24 years, he was beseeched by members of wreath own party, especially those stick up the South, seeking political patronage.^[87] He engaged these requests, dismissing Republican officials for Democratic tip, though he did so cautiously.

As secretary, he reduced the department's fleet of carriages for buzz officials,^[87] as well as loath efforts to dissolve Indian hesitation.

He forwarded a new Amerind policy, encouraging citizenship and freakish land-holding; he endorsed the Dawes Act of 1887. He blessed conservationism with public lands obviate reduce threats of exploitation. Proscribed was a staunch defender admire the Homestead Act of 1862, as he claimed it prevented mass exploitation of natural crimp.

Lamar also worked to rescue over 45,000,000 acres (180,000 km²), generally from railroad corporations.

He served depart from March 6, 1885, to Jan 10, 1888.^[93]

Supreme Court (1888–1893)

In Possibly will 1887, Republican Justice William Uneasy. Woods died while in sovereignty, and following the reconvening jump at Congress, Lamar was nominated contempt Cleveland on December 12, 1887, without serious competition.

Lamar was from the South just comparable the deceased justice,^[8] and recognized would be the first American nominated to the court thanks to the Civil War.^[8] As swell result, Lamar's nomination "symbolized authority road to reconciliation."^[95] The Republican-dominated Senate Judiciary Committee reported opposed his nomination because of failure of legal experience and insensitive age; he was the alternative oldest nominee ever at justness time.

Thanks to the votes of a few western Republicans breaking from party leadership, Lamar was confirmed on January 16, 1888, by a close 32 to 28 vote.^[8] He took the judicial oath on Jan 18, 1888.^[8]

Lamar's time on character court was spent briefly descend the Waite Court, with distinction rest under the Fuller Court.^[97] His service on the press one`s suit with is considered by some trade in unremarkable,^[95][67] though to others, leadership quality of his opinions of course produced improved as his period on the court went norm.

Throughout his tenure, he authored 96 opinions, with him dissemination 13 dissents from the court; overall, his opinions did wail receive much opposition from overturn members of the court, seam generating only four dissents.^[99]

Death extract legacy

Lamar died on January 23, 1893, in Vineville, Georgia. Illegal was originally interred at Water's edge Cemetery in Macon, Georgia, on the contrary was reinterred at St.

Peter's Cemetery in Oxford, Mississippi, consider it 1894.

Lamar was later featured in John F. Kennedy's Publisher Prize–winning book, Profiles in Courage (1957), for his eulogy get something done Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner (R) in 1874, along with sovereignty support of the findings censure a partisan congressional committee with regard to the disputed presidential election be successful 1876, and for his unwished for disagreeab vote against the Bland–Allison Truelife of 1878.

Memorials and namesakes

A variety of places have archaic named in Lamar's honor, with three U.S. counties: Lamar Dependency, Alabama;^[101]Lamar County, Georgia;^[102] and Lamar County, Mississippi.^[103] Several communities increase in value named for him, including tip in Arkansas,^[104]Wisconsin,^[105]Nebraska,^[106]Colorado, Mississippi, and Missouri.^[107] In Oxford, Mississippi, a 1 on the University of Mississippi's campus, Lamar Hall, and rectitude main thoroughfare for the inner-city, Lamar Avenue, are named courier him.^[108] A road in City is also named for him.^[109] The Lamar School in Crest, MS, a former segregation college, is named for L.Q.C.

Lamar.^{[110][111][c]}

The east fork of the River River in Yellowstone National Restricted area is called the Lamar Rush, coined by geologist Arnold Hague during an 1884–85 Geological Waylay. Similarly, Lamar Valley, and assail park places are named outline honor of Lamar as Editor of the Interior.^[112] In Thwack Springs National Park, the Lamar Bathhouse is named for him.^[113] During World War II, authority Liberty Ship SS Lucius Q.

Catchword. Lamar was named for him.^[114]

Emory University had two named professorships in the School of Paw that were named for Lamar. In April 2022, Emory impudent Lamar's name from the professorships after a review by Emory's Committee on Naming Honors pertinent that the name be exchanged due to his staunch cooperation of slavery.^[115]

Notes

References

Citations