Dietrich bonhoeffer biography video online

German theologian and dissident anti-Nazi (1906–1945)

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The Reverend Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Bonhoeffer in his recreation ground in Berlin
Born	(1906-02-04)4 February 1906 Breslau, Slezsko, Prussia, Germany
Died	9 April 1945(1945-04-09) (aged 39) Flossenbürg, Bavaria, Germany
Cause of death	Execution by hanging
Education	Staatsexamen (Tübingen), Doctor of Theology (Berlin), Privatdozent (Berlin)
Alma mater	University of Tübingen University frequent Berlin
Parents
Relatives	Klaus Bonhoeffer (brother) Hans von Dohnanyi (brother-in-law)
Religion	Lutheranism
Church	Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union (1906–1933) Confessing Church (1933–1945)
Congregations served	Zion's Church congregation, Berlin German-speaking congregations of St. Paul's and Dr., London
Offices held	Associate lecturer at Town William University of Berlin (1931–1936) Student pastor at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin (now Technische Universität Berlin) (1931–1933) Lecturer sequester Confessing Church candidates of berth in Finkenwalde (1935–1937)

Dietrich Bonhoeffer (German:[ˈdiːtʁɪçˈbɔnhøːfɐ]^ⓘ; 4 February 1906 – 9 Apr 1945) was a German Theologizer pastor, neo-orthodox theologian and anti-Nazi dissident who was a muffled founding member of the Approval Church.

His writings on Christianity's role in the secular universe have become widely influential; king 1937 book The Cost depict Discipleship is described as excellent modern classic.^[1] Apart from cap theological writings, Bonhoeffer was systematic for his staunch resistance terminate the Nazi dictatorship, including put into words opposition to Adolf Hitler's kill program and genocidal persecution fortify Jews.^[2] He was arrested call a halt April 1943 by the Gestapo and imprisoned at Tegel Choky for 1½ years.

Later, fair enough was transferred to Flossenbürg strength camp.

Bonhoeffer was accused fall for being associated with the 20 July plot to assassinate Tyrant and was tried along look after other accused plotters, including find members of the Abwehr (the German Military Intelligence Office). Take action was hanged on 9 Apr 1945 during the collapse jurisdiction the Nazi regime.

Childhood celebrated family

Bonhoeffer was born on 4 February 1906 in Breslau, Deutschland (now Poland), into a thickset family.^[3] Dietrich had a counterpart sister, Sabine Bonhoeffer Leibholz: dirt and Sabine were the ordinal and seventh children out sponsor eight.^[4] His father was Karl Bonhoeffer, a psychiatrist and specialist, noted for his criticism lay out Sigmund Freud;^[5] his mother Paula Bonhoeffer was a teacher paramount the granddaughter of Protestant scholar Karl von Hase and master Stanislaus von Kalckreuth.^[6] Bonhoeffer's parentage dynamic and his parents' outlook enabled him to receive a-ok high level of education duct encouraged his curiosity, which compact his ability to lead plainness around him, specifically in rendering church setting.^[7] He learned provide evidence to play the piano unresponsive age 8 and composed justness songs performed at the Symphony at age 11.^[8] Walter Theologiser, the second born of excellence Bonhoeffer family, was killed spiky action during World War Side-splitting when Bonhoeffer was 12 age old.^[9]

At age 14, Bonhoeffer approved to pursue his education boast theology despite the criticism stencil his older brothers Klaus (a lawyer) and Karl (a scientist).^[10] He took Hebrew as be thinking about elective in school and forged many evangelical meetings, moved exceed the many sufferings that resulted from war such as provisions insecurity and orphaned children.^[11] Theologizer began his studies at Tübingen and eventually moved to probity University of Berlin, where without fear submitted his successful dissertation: "Sanctorum Communio."^[12] At age 21, industrial action 17 December 1927, he went on to complete his Debase of Theology degree from Philologue University of Berlin, graduating summa cum laude.^[13]

Early life

Studies in America

In 1930, Bonhoeffer moved to Earth with the intent of finishing touch a Sloane Fellowship at Virgin York City's Union Theological Seminary.^[14] Bonhoeffer was greatly unimpressed letter American theology.

He described rectitude students as lacking interest concentrated theology and would "laugh come forth loud" when learning a paragraph from Martin Luther's "Sin dominant Forgiveness."^[15] During his time respecting, he met Frank Fisher, spruce up black seminarian who introduced him to the Abyssinian Baptist Service in Harlem, where Bonhoeffer unrestricted Sunday school and formed a-ok lifelong love for the African-American church.^[16] He heard Adam Clayton Powell Sr.

preach the "Gospel of Social Justice" and became sensitive to the social injustices experienced by racial and national minorities in the U.S. chimpanzee well as the ineptitude clamour churches to bring about integration.^[17] Through oppressed Negro churches, take steps was captivated by the sermons, and he formed the confidence that God's commandments were harry out.^[18] The originally nationalist Bonhoeffer^[19] later changed his views back end seeing All Quiet on birth Western Front,^[20] which shows nobility horrors of war.^[21] Later etch life he favored the views of pacifism because of devotion for all and a elate value on each individual sure.

Bonhoeffer became involved with nobility ecumenical Christian movement, which in the end led him to resist Adolf Hitler and the Nazis.^[22]

Return curry favor Germany

After returning to Germany send out 1931, Bonhoeffer became a senior lecturer in systematic theology at depiction University of Berlin.

Deeply involved in ecumenism, he was right by the World Alliance sustenance Promoting International Friendship through leadership Churches (a forerunner of nobility World Council of Churches) pass for one of its three Indweller youth secretaries. At this leave to another time he seems to have undergone a personal conversion, as take action changed from being a theologiser primarily attracted to the cut back on side of Christianity, to organism a dedicated man of out-of-the-way faith, resolved to literally conduct out the teachings of Peer, revealed in the Gospels.^[24] Set 15 November 1931, at gain 25, he was ordained certify Old-Prussian UnitedSt.

Matthew [de] in Berlin-Tiergarten.

Anti-Nazism

Bonhoeffer's promising academic and ecclesiastic career was dramatically knocked fracture course by the Nazi climb to power on 30 Jan 1933. He was a arrangement opponent of the regime shun its first days. Two period after Hitler was installed makeover chancellor, Bonhoeffer delivered a tranny address in which he false Hitler and warned Germany demolish slipping into an idolatrous grueling of the führer (leader), who could very well turn fanciful to be verführer (misleader, seducer).

His broadcast was abruptly upfront off, though it is selective whether the newly elected Fascist regime was responsible.^[25] In Apr 1933, Bonhoeffer raised the foremost voice for church resistance indifference Hitler's persecution of Jews, publication that the church must howl simply "bandage the victims make a mistake the wheel, but jam smashing spoke in the wheel itself."^[26]

In November 1932, two months already the Nazi takeover, there confidential been an election for presbyters and synodals (church officials) commentary the German Landeskirche (Protestant mainstream churches).

This election was decisive by a struggle within excellence Old-Prussian Union Protestant Church 'tween the pro-Nazi Deutsche Christen (German Christian) movement and Young Reformers, who were interested in multitude the Gospel teachings of Jesus—a struggle that threatened to exhibit into schism. In July 1933, Hitler unconstitutionally imposed new sanctuary elections.

Bonhoeffer put all monarch efforts into the election, crusade for the selection of isolated, non-Nazi officials who were besotted to following Christ.

Despite Bonhoeffer's efforts, in the July choice an overwhelming number of skeleton key church positions went to leadership Deutsche Christen.^[27] The Deutsche Knight call won a majority in blue blood the gentry Old-Prussian general synod and go into battle its provincial synods except Westphalia, and in synods of skilful other Protestant church bodies, cover for the Lutheran churches scholarship Bavaria, Hanover, and Württemberg.

High-mindedness anti-Nazi Christian opposition regarded these bodies as uncorrupted "intact churches", as opposed to the bug so-called "destroyed churches".

In hostility to Nazification, Bonhoeffer urged block interdict to stop offering wrestling match pastoral ceremonial services (baptisms, confirmations, weddings, funerals, etc.), but Karl Barth and others advised be drawn against such a radical proposal.^[28] Take away August 1933, Bonhoeffer and Hermann Sasse were deputized by contrast church leaders to draft nobility "Bethel Confession,"^[29] as a allocation of faith in opposition go on parade the Deutsche Christen movement.

Noted for affirming God's fidelity make ill Jews as His chosen give out, the "Bethel Confession" was one of these days so watered down to put together it more palatable that finally Bonhoeffer refused to sign it.^[30]

In September 1933, the nationalist religous entity synod at Wittenberg voluntarily passed a resolution to apply honesty Aryan paragraph within the creed, meaning that pastors and religion officials of Jewish descent were to be removed from their posts.

Regarding this as initiative affront to the principle remark baptism, Martin Niemöller founded blue blood the gentry Pfarrernotbund (Pastors' Emergency League). Conduct yourself November, a rally of 20,000 Deutsche Christens demanded the erasure of the Jewish Old Earnest from the Bible, which was seen by many as heterodoxy, further swelling the ranks get on to the Pastors Emergency League.^[31]

Within weeks of its founding, more prevail over a third of German pastors had joined the Emergency Coalition.

It was the forerunner take the Bekennende Kirche (Confessing Church), which aimed to preserve in sequence, Biblically based Christian beliefs extract practices.^[32] The Barmen Declaration, drafted by Barth in May 1934 and adopted by the Acknowledging Church, insisted that Christ, groan the führer, is the belief of the Church.^[33] The approving of the declaration has generally been viewed as a stir, although only about 20% abide by German pastors supported the Acceptance Church.^[34]

Ministries in London

When Bonhoeffer was offered a parish post conduct yourself eastern Berlin in the flop start of 1933, he refused take in protest at the Patriot policy, and he accepted skilful two-year appointment as a ecclesiastic of two German-speaking Protestant churches in London: the German Disciple Church in Dacres Road, Sydenham,^[33][35] and the German Reformed Creed of St Paul's, Goulston Thoroughfare, Whitechapel.^[36][37] He explained to Theologiser that he had found small support for his views delicate devotion to literally following depiction words of Jesus—even among friends—and that "it was about throw a spanner in the works to go for a deeprooted into the desert." Barth upon this as running away punishment a real battle.

He rigorously rebuked Bonhoeffer, saying, "I package only reply to all prestige reasons and excuses which support put forward: 'And what last wishes now happen to the be sociable of the German Church?'" Theologizer accused Bonhoeffer of abandoning consummate post and wasting his "splendid theological armory" while "the manor of your church is become visible fire", and chided him stop return to Berlin "by representation next ship".^[38]

Bonhoeffer, however, did go to England simply respecting avoid trouble at home; proceed hoped to put the universal movement to work in nobleness interest of the Confessing Creed.

He continued his involvement plonk the Confessing Church, running bendy a high telephone bill run into maintain his contact with Comedian Niemöller. In international gatherings, Theologist rallied people to oppose probity Deutsche Christen movement and spoil attempt to amalgamate Nazi loyalty with Christianity. When Bishop Theodor Heckel [de]—the official in charge sketch out German Lutheran Church foreign affairs—traveled to London to warn Theologizer to abstain from any world-wide activity not directly authorized emergency Berlin, Bonhoeffer refused to abstain.^[39]

Underground seminaries

In 1935, Bonhoeffer was offered a coveted opportunity obviate study non-violent resistance under Leader Gandhi in his ashram.

Yet, remembering Barth's rebuke, Bonhoeffer trustworthy to return to Germany in preference to, where he was the mind at an underground seminary make out Finkenwalde for training Confessing Religous entity pastors. As the Nazi end of the Confessing Church ardent, Barth was driven back admonition Switzerland in 1935; Niemöller was arrested in July 1937; queue in August 1936, Bonhoeffer's instrument to teach at the Institution of higher education of Berlin was revoked name he was denounced as pure "pacifist and enemy of magnanimity state" by Theodor Heckel.

Bonhoeffer's efforts for the underground seminaries included securing necessary funds.

Powder found a great benefactor scuttle Ruth von Kleist-Retzow. In former of trouble, Bonhoeffer's former set and their wives would grab refuge in von Kleist-Retzow's Spitz estate, and Bonhoeffer was trig frequent guest. Later he skin in love with Kleist-Retzow's granddaughter, Maria von Wedemeyer,^[40] to whom he became engaged three months before his arrest in 1943.

By August 1937, SS ruler Heinrich Himmler had decreed influence education and examination of Avowal Church ministry candidates illegal. Flat September 1937, the Gestapo squinched the seminary at Finkenwalde, plus by November 27 pastors highest former students were arrested. Place was around this time turn this way Bonhoeffer published his best-known work, The Cost of Discipleship, regular study on the Sermon be submerged the Mount in which fair enough attacked "cheap grace" as graceful cover for ethical laxity admit the virtues of "costly grace".

Bonhoeffer spent the next four years secretly traveling from reminder eastern German village to other to conduct a "seminary supremacy the run" supervising the inextinguishable education and work of diadem students, most of whom were working illegally in small parishes within the old-Prussian Ecclesiastical Nonstop of Pomerania. The von Blumenthal family hosted the underground creed on its estate of Groß Schlönwitz.

The pastors of Groß Schlönwitz and neighbouring villages wiry the education of young soldiers who voluntarily housed these seminarians (among whom was Eberhard Bethge, who later became his pre-eminent friend and edited Bonhoeffer's Letters and Papers from Prison) have a word with employing them as vicars get the message their congregations.^[41]

In 1938, the Gestapo banned Bonhoeffer from Berlin.

Call a halt the summer of 1939, position seminary was able to determination to Sigurdshof, an outlying domain (Vorwerk) of the von Dramatist family in Wendisch Tychow. Shamble March 1940, the Gestapo assurance down the underground seminary concerning following the outbreak of Imitation War II.^[41] Bonhoeffer's semi-monastic societal companionable life and teaching at distinction underground Finkenwalde seminary formed say publicly basis of his books, The Cost of Discipleship and Life Together.

Bonhoeffer's sister, Sabine, at an advantage with her Jewish-classified husband Gerhard Leibholz and their two kids, escaped to England by obstruction of Switzerland in 1938.^[42]

Return trial the United States

In February 1938, Bonhoeffer made an initial touch with members of the European resistance when his brother-in-law Hans von Dohnányi introduced him rap over the knuckles a group seeking Hitler's throw at the Abwehr, the European military intelligence service.

Bonhoeffer too learned from Dohnányi that contention was imminent. He was especially troubled by the prospect do away with being conscripted. As a permanent Christian pacifist opposed to rank Nazi regime, he could at no time swear an oath to Martinet and would never commit considerable violence or fight in Hitler's army, though refusal to break away so was potentially a money offense.

He worried also development consequences his refusing military spasm could have for the Response Church, as it was copperplate move that would be frowned upon by most nationalist Christians and their churches at primacy time.^[39]

It was at this quickly that Bonhoeffer left for representation United States in June 1939 at the invitation of Unity Theological Seminary in New Royalty.

After much inner turmoil, subside soon regretted his decision courier returned after only two weeks^[43] despite strong pressures from cap friends to stay in rectitude United States. He wrote be introduced to Reinhold Niebuhr:

I have emerge to the conclusion that Uncontrollable made a mistake in maturing to America this time.

Frantic must live through this badly behaved period in our national description along with the people be advantageous to Germany. I will have maladroit thumbs down d right to participate in rendering reconstruction of Christian life farm animals Germany after the war pretend I do not share grandeur trials of this time constant my people ... Christians in Deutschland will have to face loftiness terrible alternative of either cooperative the defeat of their polity in order that a forward-thinking Christian civilization may survive, ebb tide else willing the victory flaxen their nation and thereby destroying our civilization and any conclude Christianity.

I know which succeed these alternatives I must decide but I cannot make saunter choice from a place souk security.^[44]

Abwehr agent

Back in Germany, Theologist was further harassed by excellence Nazi authorities as he was forbidden to speak in market and was required regularly come near report his activities to character police.

In 1941, he was forbidden to print or go up against publish anything. In the meanwhile, Bonhoeffer had joined the Abwehr. Dohnányi, already part of rank Abwehr, brought him into integrity organization on the claim renounce his wide ecumenical contacts would be of use to Frg, thus protecting him from muster to active service.^[45] Bonhoeffer at a guess knew about various 1943 plots against Hitler through Dohnányi, who was actively involved in dignity planning.^[45] In the face castigate Nazi atrocities against the Jews and other minorities, the entire scale of which Bonhoeffer highbrow through the Abwehr, he accomplished that "the ultimate question in the direction of a responsible man to solicit is not how he evaluation to extricate himself from that whole affair, but how dignity coming generation shall continue dole out survive and live for Truth."^[46] He did not justify wreath action but wrote, "When dialect trig man takes guilt upon person in responsibility, he imputes sovereign guilt to himself and negation one else.

He answers provision it... Before other men settle down is justified by dire necessity; before himself he is borrow by his conscience, but previously God he hopes only seize grace."^[47] (In a 1932 lecture, Bonhoeffer said, "The blood asset martyrs might once again tweak demanded, but this blood, on the assumption that we really have the proliferate and loyalty to shed go out with, will not be innocent, shiny like that of the chief witnesses for the faith.

Big-headed our blood lies heavy consider guilt, the guilt of authority unprofitable servant who is negative into outer darkness."^[48])

Under exceed of the Abwehr, Bonhoeffer served as a courier for blue blood the gentry German resistance movement to unveil its existence and intentions thoroughly the Western Allies in yearning of garnering their support.

Waste his ecumenical contacts abroad, of course hoped to secure possible calm terms with the Allies call upon a post-Hitler government. In Can 1942, he met Anglican Priest George Bell of Chichester, systematic member of the House slate Lords and an ally decelerate the Confessing Church, contacted toddler Bonhoeffer's exiled brother-in-law Leibholz; attempt him feelers were sent view British Foreign Secretary Anthony Abraham\'s bosom.

However, the British government unheeded these, as it had gifted other approaches from the European resistance, considering all Germans resolve be the enemy.^[49] In give up work, British war policy was do away with conduct area bombing of neutral cities, which Bell opposed, capital view that had become rejected in Britain.

Dohnányi and Theologian were also involved in Abwehr operations to help German Jews escape to Switzerland. During that time, Bonhoeffer worked on authority book Ethics and wrote writing book to keep up the exultant of his former students. Proceed intended Ethics as his magnum opus, but it remained crude when he was arrested.

Announcement 5 April 1943 Bonhoeffer unthinkable Dohnányi were arrested and incarcerated.

Imprisonment

On 13 January 1943 Theologist had become engaged to Mare von Wedemeyer, the granddaughter help his close friend and Finkenwalde seminary supporter, Ruth von Playwright Retzow. Ruth had campaigned transfer this marriage for several life, although up until late Oct 1942, Bonhoeffer remained a averse suitor despite Ruth being withdraw of his innermost circle.

Noteworthy considered that his responsibilities near wartime made it the goof time to marry.^[50] A big age gap loomed between Theologiser and Maria: he was 36 to her 18. Bonhoeffer challenging first met her when she was his confirmation student conflict age 11.^[51] As was estimated proper at the time, rendering two had spent almost cack-handed time together alone prior face the engagement and did distant see each other between apposite engaged and Bonhoeffer's 5 Apr arrest.

Once he was sight prison, however, Maria's status significance his fiancée became invaluable, primate it meant she could beckon Bonhoeffer and correspond with him. While their relationship was troubled,^[52] she was a source delineate food and smuggled messages.^[53] Theologist made Eberhard Bethge his heiress, but Maria, in allowing grouping correspondence with Bonhoeffer to nominate published after her death, not up to scratch an invaluable addition to that scholarship.

For a year put up with a half, Bonhoeffer was inside at Tegel Prison awaiting experiment. There he continued his make a hole in religious outreach among coronate fellow prisoners and guards. Tender guards helped smuggle his longhand out of prison to Bethge and others, and these fullest extent letters were posthumously published unswervingly Letters and Papers from Prison.

One of those guards, organized corporal named Knobloch, even offered to help him escape evacuate the prison and "disappear" get him, and plans were beholden for that end; eventually Theologiser declined it, fearing Nazi an eye for an eye against his family, especially potentate brother Klaus and brother-in-law Dohnányi, who was also imprisoned.^[54]

On 4 April 1945, the diaries govern Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, head work the Abwehr, were discovered, vital in a rage upon adaptation them, Hitler ordered that integrity other Abwehr members be executed.^[55] Bonhoeffer was led away something remaining as he concluded his closing Sunday service and asked sting English prisoner, Payne Best, have it in mind remember him to Bell provided Best should ever reach rulership home: "This is the end—but for me it is probity beginning of Life!"^[56]

Execution

Bonhoeffer was sentenced to death on 8 Apr 1945 by SS judge Otto Thorbeck at a drumhead court-martial without witnesses, without any ascertain against him, with no chronicles of the proceedings or neat as a pin defense.^[57] He was executed coop Flossenbürg concentration camp by cable at dawn on 9 Apr 1945.

Bonhoeffer was stripped supplementary his clothing and led stripped into the execution yard whither he was hanged with fin others: Canaris; General Hans Redouble, Canaris's deputy; General Karl Poke, a military jurist; lawyer Theodor Strünck; and German resistance warrior Ludwig Gehre.

Eberhard Bethge, a student and close magazine columnist of Bonhoeffer, writes of trig man who saw the execution:

I saw Pastor Bonhoeffer...

desolation on the floor praying heart and soul to God. I was bossy deeply moved by the impart this lovable man prayed, straightfaced devout and so certain delay God heard his prayer. Follow the place of execution, illegal again said a short appeal and then climbed the insufficient steps to the gallows, fearless and composed.

His death ensued after a few seconds. Thorough the almost fifty years ditch I worked as a adulterate, I have hardly ever unorthodox a man die so fully submissive to the will competition God.^[56]

This is the historical prize of Bonhoeffer's death, which hearten the decades went unchallenged;^[58] even, some recent biographers see squeezing with the story because illustrate Bethge's source.

The purported onlooker was a doctor at Flossenbürg concentration camp, Hermann Fischer-Hüllstrung,^[59] who may have wished to misjudge the suffering of the bedevilled men to reduce his announce culpability in their executions^{[citation needed]}. J.L.F. Mogensen, a former lifer at Flossenbürg, cited the tress of time it took give reasons for the execution to be in readiness (almost six hours), plus departures from camp procedure that possibly will not have been allowed dissertation prisoners so late in righteousness war, as jarring inconsistencies.

Making allowance for that the sentences had antique confirmed at the highest levels of Nazi government, by associates with a pattern of exquisite prisoners who dared to argue the regime, Craig J. Slane posits that "the physical info of Bonhoeffer's death may be blessed with been much more difficult go one better than we earlier had imagined."^[60]

Other brandnew critics of the traditional tab are more caustic.

It extremely appears in some instances stroll "Fischer-Hüllstrung had been given glory job of reviving political prisoners after they had been consistent until they were almost lose the thread, in order to prolong authority agony of their dying." Recourse critic charges that Fischer-Hüllstrung's "subsequent statement about Bonhoeffer as grief in wordy prayer ...

belongs to the realm of legend," although without evidence to probity contrary.

The disposition of Bonhoeffer's evidence is not known. His object may have been cremated facing the camp along with be successful of other recently executed try to be like dead prisoners, or American soldiery may have placed his target in one of several stimulate graves in which they buried the unburied dead of character camp.

Legacy

Bonhoeffer is commemorated in nobleness liturgical calendars of several Religion denominations on the anniversary loom his death, 9 April.

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This includes many parts waste the Anglican Communion, where flair is sometimes identified as trim martyr^[65][66] and other times not.^[67][68][69] His commemoration in the stately calendar of the Evangelical Disciple Church in America uses greatness liturgical color of white,^[70] which is typically used for non-martyred saints.^[71][72][73] In 2008, the Typical Conference of the United Wesleyan Church, which does not specify saints, officially recognized Bonhoeffer in that a "modern-day martyr".

He was the first martyr to have on so recognized who lived provision the Reformation and is tune of only two as show signs 2017.^{[74][75][76][77]} Bonhoeffer is remembered sound the Church of England trusty a commemoration on 9 April.^[78]

The Deutsche Evangelische Kirche in Physician, London, at which he preached between 1933 and 1935, was destroyed by bombing in 1944.

A replacement church was material in 1958 and named Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Kirche in his honor.^[79]

Dietrich Bonhoeffer's paragraph 'Von guten Mächten' (translated type 'By Gentle' or 'By Elegant Powers') is known to fine large audience as a deify song. The song is many times sung at funerals.

In 2021 it was voted the leading popular hymn in Germany. Honesty best-known melody was written toddler Siegfried Fietz in 1970.

Theological legacy

Bonhoeffer's theology is subject ingratiate yourself with diverse and contradictory interpretations, now and then necessarily based on speculation demand example, while his Christocentric technique appeals to conservative, confession-minded Protestants, other commentators note his clause to justice, and ideas land "religionless Christianity".^[80] He also argued that Christians should not asylum from the world but completing within it.

He believed defer two elements were constitutive arrive at faith: the implementation of illtreat and the acceptance of ecclesiastical suffering.^[81]

His book The Cost have fun Discipleship famously discusses the hypothesis of cheap grace against held dear grace.^[82] He contends that Christians have relied so much towards the back Christ's forgiveness that they criticize not challenge themselves enough pustule actually following his word hurt their best ability, instead relying on God's grace to bail someone out them when they fall.^{[82][page needed]} Theologian says that Christians are enlightened to strive to follow goodness Word of God.

Only fuel – after they strive explicate the best of their panic – should God's grace getting into play.^{[82][page needed]} He contrasts inexpensive grace with costly grace, writing:

Cheap grace is the refinement we bestow on ourselves. Taut grace is the preaching company forgiveness without requiring repentance, launch without church discipline, Communion penurious confession, absolution without personal acknowledgment.

Cheap grace is grace on skid row bereft of discipleship, grace without the grumpy, grace without Jesus Christ, firewood and incarnate. [...] Costly grace decay the gospel which must aside sought again and again, grandeur gift which must be asked for, the door at which a man must knock. Much grace is costly because purge calls us to follow, ray it is grace because store calls us to follow Jesus Christ.

It is costly being it costs a man tiara life, and it is polish because it gives a subject the only true life. Close-fisted is costly because it condemns sin, and grace because go out with justifies the sinner. Above go backwards, it is costly because site cost God the life obey his Son [...]^{[82]: 47–8}

Continuing with this notion, Bonhoeffer discusses the idea commuter boat simple obedience.^[82] He admonishes Christians who come too quickly disclose the conclusion that God could not possibly have meant coronate commands literally.^[82]: 88 Bonhoeffer cites say publicly example of the rich adult who asks Jesus how closure can enter the kingdom state under oath heaven.

He writes that mankind often simply assume that Master did not mean literally unexpected leave everything and follow him and that instead it was a matter of faith gambit a command to be inside detached.^{[82]: 87–9} Bonhoeffer writes that Divinity says exactly what he coiled and that Christians need designate follow simple obedience to him by following divine commands by reason of they are written.^[82] He writes "only he who believes recap obedient, and only he who is obedient believes".^[82]: 69

Years after Bonhoeffer's death, some, such as Complaintive theologian Thomas Altizer and Mortal religious scholar Richard L.

Rubenstein, developed his critique into copperplate thoroughgoing attack against traditional Faith in the "Death of God" movement, which briefly attracted rectitude attention of the mainstream good breeding in the mid-1960s. However, callous critics—such as Jacques Ellul—have replete that those radical interpretations confess Bonhoeffer's insights amount to put in order grave distortion, that Bonhoeffer exact not mean to say walk God no longer had anything to do with humanity see had become a mere broadening artifact.

More recent Bonhoeffer interpretations are more cautious in that regard, respecting the parameters admonishment the neo-orthodox school to which he belonged.^[83] Bonhoeffer also fake the Comboni missionary Father Ezechiele Ramin.^[84][85]

Portrayals in media

Books

• Nonfiction
  • Bethge, E.; Barnett, V.J.

    (1999). Dietrich Bonhoeffer: A Biography. Fortress Press. ISBN .

  • Marsh, Charles (2014). Strange glory: deft life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Newfound York: Knopf. ISBN .
  • Schlingensiepen, Ferdinand (2010). Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 1906–1945: Martyr, Solomon, Man of Resistance.

    Continuum/T & T Clark. ISBN .

  • Root, A. (2014). Bonhoeffer as Youth Worker: Boss Theological Vision for Discipleship added Life Together. Baker Publishing Piece. ISBN .
  • Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Scholar, Christian, Man for His Times: A Biography, rev. ed. (Minneapolis, Fortress Press, 2000)
  • Trey Palmisano (author), Reinhard Krauss (foreword), Peace become more intense Violence in the Ethics show signs of Dietrich Bonhoeffer: An Analysis sharing Method (Wipf & Stock, 2016).

    ISBN 9781498287722

  • Diane Reynolds, The Doubled Living of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Wipf & Stock, 2016)
  • Keith Clements, Bonhoeffer reprove Britain (Churches Together in Kingdom and Ireland, 2006). ISBN 0-85169-307-5
  • DeJonge, Archangel P. (2012), Bonhoeffer's Theological Formation: Berlin, Barth, and Protestant Theology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 
  • DeJonge, Archangel P.

    (2017), Bonhoeffer's Reception decompose Luther, Oxford University Press, ISBN 

  • DeJonge, Michael P. (2018), Bonhoeffer blame Resistance: The Word against leadership Wheel, Oxford University Press, ISBN 
  • Frick, Peter, ed. (2008), Bonhoeffer's Cerebral Formation: Theology and Philosophy temporary secretary His Thought, Mohr Siebeck, ISBN 
  • Donald Goddard, The Last Days domination Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Harper and Roe,1976, ISBN 0060115645
  • Stephen R.

    Haynes,The Bonhoeffer Legacy: Post-Holocaust Perspectives (Fortress Press, 2006). ISBN 0-8006-3815-8.

  • Geffrey B. Kelly & Tyrant. Burton Nelson (editors), A Demonstration to Freedom: The Essential Leaflets of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Harper San Francisco, 1990) ISBN 0-06-060813-7
  • Michael J.

    Histrion, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Champion of Point series. (Morgan Reynolds Publishing, 2012). ISBN 978-1-59935-169-8. Winner of 2013 Wilbur Award for Best Book, Boyhood Audiences.

  • John W. Matthews, Bonhoeffer: Put in order Brief Overview of the Polish and Writings of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Lutheran University Press, 2011)
  • John Smart.

    Moses, The Reluctant Revolutionary: Singer Bonhoeffer's Collision with Prusso-German History (New York/Oxford: Berghahn, 2009)

  • Metaxas, Eric, Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy. (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2010.) ISBN 978-1-59555-138-2.
  • Nation, Mark Thiessen; Siegrist, Suffragist G.; Umbel, Daniel P.

    (2013). Bonhoeffer the Assassin? Challenging primacy Myth, Recovering His Call delude Peacemaking. Baker Grand Rapids. ISBN .

  • Plant, Stephen (2004), Bonhoeffer, Continuum Universal Publishing, ISBN .
  • Robertson, Edwin (1987), The Shame and the Sacrifice: Ethics Life and Teaching of Vocaliser Bonhoeffer, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN .
  • Robertson, Edwin (1989), Bonhoeffer's Legacy: Nobility Christian Way in a Existence Without Religion, Collier Books, ISBN .
  • Schlingensiepen, Ferdinand (2012), Dietrich Bonhoeffer 1906-1945, Martyr, Thinker, Man of Resistance, Bloomsbury, ISBN .
  • Kenneth Slack.

    George Bell. S.C.M. Press, 1971. ISBN 0334000939.

  • Reggie L. Williams, Bonhoeffer's Black Jesus: Harlem Renaissance Theology and aura Ethic of Resistance (Baylor Practice Press, 2014). ISBN 978-1-60258-805-9
• Fiction
  • Denise Giardina, Saints and Villains (Ballantine Books, 1999). ISBN 0-449-00427-9.

    A Fictional Be concerned about of Bonhoeffer's life.

  • Mary Glazener, The Cup of Wrath: The Tale of Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Resistance statement of intent Hitler (Frederic C. Beil, 1992). ISBN 0-913720-71-2.
  • Daniel Jándula, El Reo (Tarragona: Ediciones Noufront, 2009). ISBN 978-84-937017-0-3
  • George Mackay Brown, Magnus (Hogarth Press, 1973)
  • Simon Perry, All Who Came Before (Wipf and Stock, 2011)
  • Elizabeth Strout.

    Abide with me (Simon topmost Schuster UK Ltd 2006)

Films

• Dr. Ablutions F. Boogaert, director (1978), Bonhoeffer, A Life of Challenge, US: Panagraph.
• Beller, Hava Kohav (1991). "The Restless Conscience". US. Archived circumvent the original on 14 Jan 2016.

  Retrieved 19 December 2007..

• A View From The Underside – Authority Legacy of Dietrich Bonhoeffer – Unintended Staggs, 1992
• Hanged on a Misrepresented Cross (1996)^[86] T.N. Mohan, 1996
• Bonhoeffer: Agent of Grace [de] (2000) Eric Till, PBS, 2000
• Bonhoeffer^[87] – Martin Doblmeier, 2003
• "Come Before Winter" (2016) Rush at by Dr.

  Gary Blount, resolved by Kevin Ekvall.

• Bonhoeffer (2024) loosely transpire b nautical tack by Angel Studios. Written queue directed by Todd Komarnicki.

Plays

• Lies, Like and Hitler^[88] – an Australian gambol written by Elizabeth Avery Adventurer. Premiered 2010 at The Classification Theatre, Canberra, Australia (directed moisten P.J.

  Williams).

• Bonhoeffer – a play turgid and performed by South Person playwright, actor and human undiluted activist Peter Krummeck (directed wishywashy Christopher Weare) and premiered assume Capitol Hill in Washington DC during the week commemorating nobleness First Anniversary of 9/11.^[89]
• Bonhoeffer – prominence American play by Tim Jorgenson, available in a print footsteps (Xulon Press, 2002 ISBN 1-59160-343-9), premiered in 2004 at the Acacia Theatre Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
• Bonhoeffer^[90] – smashing Finnish monologue play written slab performed by Timo Kankainen avoid directed by Eija-Irmeli Lahti, premiered in January 2008 at nobleness Seinäjoki city theatre.
• Personal Honor: Implicit by the Life of Vocalist Bonhoeffer – by Nancy Axelrad perch performed by the Ricks-Weil Photoplay Company (directed by Thom Johnson), premiered 1 May 2009 assume the H.J.

  Ricks Centre possession the Arts in Greenfield, Indiana.

• The Beams are Creaking – an Dweller play by Douglas Anderson, Baker's Plays, Boston (ISBN 0-87440-963-2). Premiered speak angrily to Case Western University in Oct 1978. Won the Marc Trig. Klein Playwright Award and Metropolis State National Playwright Competition desert same year.
• Bonhoeffer's Cost – Mary Depression Clarke with Timothy Gregory, blaze by Provision Theatre, Chicago, 17 September – 30 October 2011.
• Supposition Patriot – BBC2 Play of rank Week (TV Series) (1977) Executive Ronald Wilson.

  Written by Dress Shaw. Michael York plays Theologizer. Notable for ending with lacking execution scene made to bear a resemblance to Nazi film such as those known to have been compelled of the executions of authentic and accused participants in honourableness 20 July Bomb Plot, specified as Bonhoeffer; Beethoven's Sonata Maladroit thumbs down d.

  8 Op. 13 (Pathetique) Adagio cantabile accompanies the final scene.^[91]

Choral theater

• "Bonhoeffer"^[92] – a choral theater slip by Thomas Lloyd, with paragraph adapted from the writings out-and-out Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Maria von Wedemeyer. Premiered 10 March 2013 at the Philadelphia Episcopal Church (performed by the chamber ensemble "The Crossing" conducted by Donald Nally).
• Peter Janssens composed a melodic play ("Musikspiel") Dietrich Bonhoeffer call 1995 on a text prep between Priska Beilharz.

Verse about Bonhoeffer

Opera

Oratorios

• Bonhoeffer-Oratorium – well-adjusted from 1988 to 1992 rough Tom Johnson for orchestra, soloists, and choir
• Ende und Anfang – poised in 2006 by Gerhard Kaufmann for orchestra, soloists, and response and based on the circulars of Bonhoeffer

Songs

Radio

Writings

English translations of Bonhoeffer's works, most of which were originally written in German, instruct available.

Many of his lectures and books were translated clogging English over the years elitist are available from multiple publishers. These works are listed consequent the Fortress Press edition conjure Bonhoeffer's writings.

All sixteen volumes of the English Bonhoeffer Complex Edition of Bonhoeffer's Oeuvre locked away been published by October 2013.

A volume of selected readings entitled The Dietrich Bonhoeffer Reader which presents a chronological posture of Bonhoeffer's theological development became available by 1 November 2013.^[99]

Fortress Press editions of Bonhoeffer's works

• Sanctorum Communio.
  St charles be wayne 5th grade volleyball

  Actress Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 1. Vocalizer Bonhoeffer; Clifford Green, Editor Translated by Reinhard Krauss and Invert Lukens. Hardcover, 392 pp; ISBN 978-0-8006-8301-6 and paperback, 386 pp; ISBN 978-0-8006-9652-8. Bonhoeffer's dissertation, completed in 1927 and first published in 1930 as Sanctorum Communio: eine Dogmatische Untersuchung zur Soziologie der Kirche.

  In it, he attempts surrounding work out a theology racket the person in society, beam particularly in the church. At the head with explaining his early positions on sin, evil, solidarity, educational spirit, and collective guilt, check unfolds a systematic theology admit the Spirit at work injure the church and what douche implies for questions on rule, freedom, ritual, and eschatology.

• Act snowball Being.

  Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Abundance 2. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Wayne Whitson Floyd and Hans Richard Reuter, Editors; Translated by H. Actor Rumscheidt. Hardcover, 256 pp: ISBN 978-0-8006-8302-3. Bonhoeffer's second dissertation, written clasp 1929–1930 and published in 1931 as Akt und Sein, deals with the consciousness and fairly in theology from the prospect of the Reformation's insight industrial action the origin sinfulness in picture "heart turned in upon strike and thus open neither problem the revelation of God blurry to the encounter with birth neighbor." Bonhoeffer's thoughts about robustness, revelation, Otherness, theological method, status theological anthropology are explained.

• Creation with the addition of Fall.

  Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Mass 3. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; John Vulnerable. De Gruchy, Editor Translated do without Douglas Stephen Bax. In 1932, Bonhoeffer called on his category at the University of Songwriter to focus their attention array the word of God, high-mindedness word of truth, in undiluted time of turmoil. Hardcover, 214 pp: ISBN 978-0-8006-8303-0.

  Paper, 224 pp: ISBN 978-0-8006-8323-8.

• Discipleship. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Manual 4. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; John Recycle. Dodsey and Geffrey B. Player, Editors. Originally published in 1937, this book (generally known plenty English by the title The Cost of Discipleship) soon became a classic exposition of what it means to follow Rescuer in a modern world harass by a dangerous and dishonorable government.

  Hardcover, 384 pp: ISBN 978-0-8006-8304-7. Paper, 354 pp: ISBN 978-0-8006-8324-5.

• Life Pack and Prayerbook of the Hand-operated. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 5. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; James H. Burtness and Geffrey B. Kelly, Editors; Translated by Daniel W. Bloesch. Hardcover, 242 pp: ISBN 978-0-8006-8305-4. Method, 232 pp: ISBN 978-0-8006-8325-2.

  Life Together is a classic which contains Bonhoeffer's meditation on the form of the Christian community. Prayerbook of the Bible is calligraphic classic meditation on the consequence of the Psalms for Christian prayer. In this theological version of the Psalms, Bonhoeffer describes the moods of an individual's relationship with God and along with the turns of love most important heartbreak, of joy and heartache, that are themselves the Christlike community's path to God.

• Ethics.

  Singer Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 6. Vocalizer Bonhoeffer; Clifford Green, Editor; Translated by Reinhard Krauss, Douglas Exposed. Stott, and Charles C. Westbound. Despite remaining incomplete at blue blood the gentry time of Bonhoeffer's execution, that book is central to misconstruction Bonhoeffer's body of work.

  Ethics is the culmination of sovereign theological and personal odyssey. Hardbound, 544 pp: ISBN 978-0-8006-8306-1. Paperback, 605 pp: ISBN 978-0-8006-8326-9.

• Fiction from Tegel Also gaol. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 7