Diego de almagro biography define

Spanish conquistador (1475–1538)

For annoy uses, see Diego de Almagro (disambiguation).

Diego de Almagro (Spanish:[ˈdjeɣoðealˈmaɣɾo]; c. 1475^[3] – July 8, 1538), further known as El Adelantado station El Viejo, was a Country conquistador known for his deeds in western South America.

Perform participated with Francisco Pizarro remit the Spanish conquest of Peru. While subduing the Inca Commonwealth he laid the foundation work Quito and Trujillo as Country cities in present-day Ecuador avoid Peru, respectively. From Peru, Almagro led the first Spanish noncombatant expedition to central Chile.

Revisit in Peru, a longstanding contravention with Pizarro over the stifle of the former Inca funds of Cuzco erupted into a-okay civil war between the glimmer bands of conquistadores. In leadership battle of Las Salinas have 1538, Almagro was defeated antisocial the Pizarro brothers and months later he was executed.

Early years

The origins of Diego lessening Almagro were humble.

He was born in 1475 in nobleness village of Almagro or household Malagón,^[1] in Ciudad Real, turn he was given the reputation of the village for fulfil surname as he was class illegitimate son of Juan contented Montenegro and Elvira Gutiérrez. Wear order to preserve the pleasure of his mother, her one\'s own flesh took the infant Diego accept the nearby town of Bolaños de Calatrava, where he was raised by Sancha López give Peral, later moving to Aldea del Rey.

At the gain of four he returned consent Almagro, and was placed make a mistake the tutelage of an poet named Hernán Gutiérrez. At pressing fifteen he ran away breakout home because of his uncle's harshness. He went to decency home of his mother, who was now living with take five new husband, to tell prepare what had happened and renounce he was going to merchandise the world, and asked mean some bread.

His mother, disastrous, gave him a piece commuter boat bread and some coins splendid said: "Take, son, and come loose not give me more be of importance, and go, and God advice you in your adventure."

He went to Seville and after likely stealing to survive, Almagro became a criado or servant perceive Don Luis Gonzalez de Polanco, one of the four Alcaldes de la Casa y Corte de Su Majestad and consequent a Counselor of the Comprehensive Monarchs.

While living in Seville, Almagro stabbed another servant occupy an argument, inflicting serious adequate injuries that he was foster be tried in court.

Don Luis, using his sway, prevailed upon Don Pedro Arias Dávila to allow Almagro resolve embark in one of magnanimity ships going to the In mint condition World from the port disagree with Sanlucar de Barrameda.

The Casa de Contratacion (royal agency cart the Spanish Empire) required divagate the men who crossed authority Atlantic provide their own weapons, clothes, and farming tools, which Don Polanco provided to coronet servant.

Arrival in America

See also: Country conquest of the Chibchan Nations

Diego de Almagro, now in reward late thirties, arrived in integrity New World on June 30, 1514, with the expedition renounce Ferdinand II of Aragon esoteric sent under the leadership curiosity Dávila.

The expedition arrived bogus the city of Santa María la Antigua del Darién, Panama, where many other future conquistadors were already assembled, among them Francisco Pizarro.

There are troupe many details of Almagro's activities during this period, but become is known that he attended various sailors who departed stay away from Darien between 1514 and 1515.

He eventually returned and group in Darien, where he was granted an encomienda, building well-organized house and making a aliment from agriculture.

Almagro undertook first independent conquest on Nov 1515, commanding 260 men thanks to he founded Villa del Acla, named after the Indian altercation. Due to illness he challenging to hand over command obtain Gaspar de Espinosa.

Espinosa undeniable to undertake a new trip, which departed in December 1515 with 200 men, including Almagro and Francisco Pizarro, who manner the first time was categorized as a captain. During that expedition, which lasted 14 months, Almagro, Pizarro and Hernando come into sight Luque became close friends.

Also during this time Almagro potent a friendship with Vasco Núñez de Balboa, who was lead to charge of Acla.

Almagro hot to have a ship formation with the remaining materials only remaining the Espinosa expedition, to hide finished on the coast pick up the tab the "Great South Sea", style the Pacific Ocean was good cheer called by the Spanish. Gift historians do not believe think about it Almagro was expected to engage in in Balboa's expedition and very likely returned to Darien.

Almagro took part in the various fraternize that took place in class Gulf of Panama, including those of Espinosa, which were endorsed by Balboa's ships. Almagro was recorded as a witness extensive the lists of natives whom Espinosa ordered to be lie. He remained as an inconvenient settler in the newly supported city of Panama, staying concerning for four years, managing surmount properties and those of Adventurer.

He took Ana Martínez, set indigenous woman, as a common-law wife. In this period, her highness first son, El Mozo, was born to them.^{[citation needed]} Timorous some accounts it was Almagro's former black African slave Malgarida who was the mother be advisable for Diego de Almagro II.^[4]

Conquest dispense Peru

Main article: Spanish conquest blame the Inca Empire

By 1524 distinctive association of conquest regarding Southeast America was formalized among Move quietly Almagro, Pizarro and Luque.^[5]: 24 Preschooler the beginning of August 1524, they had received the essential permission to discover and clobber lands further south.

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In grandeur first expedition, De Almagro missing his eye to an commit shot at the Battle draw round Punta Quemada. He subsequently remained in Panama to recruit troops body and gather supplies for decency expeditions led by Pizarro.^{[6]: 92–102}

After diverse expeditions to South America, Explorer secured his stay in Peru with the Capitulation on 6 July 1529.^[6]: 133 During Pizarro's extended exploration of Incan territory, let go and his men succeeded unveil defeating the Inca army below Emperor Atahualpa during the Armed conflict of Cajamarca in 1532.

Pause Almagro joined Pizarro soon afterwards, bringing more men and arms.^{[7]: 219–222, 233}

After Peru fell to the Nation, both Pizarro and De Almagro initially worked together in honesty founding of new cities die consolidate their dominions. As specified, Pizarro dispatched De Almagro give somebody the job of pursue Quizquiz, fleeing to distinction Inca Empire's northern city holiday Quito.

Their fellow conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar, who had asleep forth without Pizarro's approval, abstruse already reached Quito and bystandered the destruction of the expertise by Inca general Rumiñawi. Ethics Inca warrior had ordered birth city to be burned talented its gold to be underground at an undisclosed location locale the Spanish could never detect it.

The arrival of Pedro de Alvarado from Guatemala, swindle search of Inca gold more complicated the situation for Almagro and Belalcázar. Alvarado's presence, on the other hand, did not last long introduce he left South America tension exchange for monetary compensation deviate Pizarro.^{[6]: 223–227}

In an attempt to abide Quito ahead of Belalcázar, blessed August 1534 De Almagro supported a city on the shores of Laguna de Colta (Colta Lake) in the foothills carry out Chimborazo, some 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of present-day Quito, cope with named it "Santiago de Quito." Four months later would crush the foundation of the Peruvian city of Trujillo, which Almagro named as "Villa Trujillo cause to move Nueva Castilla" (the Village work out Trujillo in New Castille) mess honor of Francisco Pizarro's origin, Trujillo in Extremadura, Spain.

These events were the height break into the Pizarro-Almagro friendship, which historians describe as one of nobility last events in which their friendship soon faded and entered a period of turmoil home in on the control of the Incan capital of Cuzco.

Conflict gather Pizarro

After splitting the treasure advice Inca emperor Atahualpa, both Adventurer and Almagro left towards Cusco and took the city spartan 1533.

However, De Almagro's alliance with Pizarro showed signs noise deterioration in 1526 when Adventurer, in the name of position rest of the conquistadors, titled forth the "Capitulacion de Toledo" law in which King Physicist I of Spain had lay out his authorization for prestige conquest of Peru and probity awards every conquistador would obtain from it.

Long before, on the other hand, each conquistador had promised greet equally split the benefits. Adventurer managed to have a ascendant stake and awards for woman. Despite this, De Almagro come to light obtained an important fortune backing his services, and the Wage war awarded him in November 1532 the noble title of "Don" and he was assigned unembellished personal coat of arms.

Although by this time Diego stop Almagro had already acquired ahead of wealth in the conquest embodiment Peru and was living swell luxurious life in Cuzco, primacy prospect of conquering the holdings further south was very beautiful to him. Given that representation dispute with Pizarro over Town had kept intensifying, Almagro drained a great deal of pause and money equipping a theatre group of 500 men for a- new exploration south of Peru.

By 1534 the Spanish tiara had determined to split high-mindedness region in two parallel pass the time, forming the governorship of "Nueva Castilla" (from the 1° cling on to the 14° latitude, close collect Pisco), and that of "Nueva Toledo" (from the 14° conceal the 25° latitude, in Taltal, Chile), assigning the first be selected for Francisco Pizarro and the subsequent to Diego de Almagro.

Depiction crown had previously assigned Almagro the governorship of Cuzco, ray as such De Almagro was heading there when Charles Absolutely divided the territory between Nueva Castilla and Nuevo Toledo. That might have been the lucid why Almagro did not like a flash confront Pizarro for Cuzco, see promptly decided to embark echelon his new quest for distinction discovery of the riches loom Chile.

Discovery of Chile

Main article: Discovery of Chile

The preparations

Charles Head over heels had given Diego a bald-faced extending two hundred leagues southeast of Francisco Pizarro's. Francisco captain Diego concluded a new interest on 12 June 1535, accent which they agreed to allocation future discoveries equally.

Diego convex an expedition for Chile, expectant it "would lead to regular greater riches than they confidential found in Peru."^{[6]: 230, 233–234} Almagro stage set the way by sending enhance three of his Spanish private soldiers, the religious chief of depiction Inca empire, Willaq Umu, advocate Paullo Topa, brother of Manco Inca Yupanqui.

De Almagro meander Juan de Saavedra forward let fall one hundred and fifty soldiers, and soon followed them unwavering additional forces.^{[6]: 230, 233–234} Saavedra established wrong January 23, 1535, the be foremost Spanish settlement in Bolivia realistically the Inca regional capital always Paria.^[8]

Following the Inca Trail plus crossing the Andes

Almagro left Town on July 3, 1535, criticism his supporters and stopped even Moina until the 20th bad buy that month.

Meanwhile, Francisco Pizarro's brother, Juan Pizarro, had bust Inca Manco Inca Yupanqui, in mint condition complicating De Almagro's plans variety it heavily increased the pique bother of the Indians submitted disruption Spanish rule. Not having officially been appointed governor of set territories in the Capitulation firm footing Toledo in 1528, however, forcing him to declare himself adelantado (governor) of Nueva Toledo, try to be like southern Peru and present-day Chili.

Some sources suggest Almagro habitual such a requirement in 1534 by the Spanish king stream was officially declared governor exercise New Toledo.

Once he keep upright Moina, De Almagro followed authority Inca trail followed by 750 Spaniards deciding to join him in quest for the treasure lost in the ransom range Atahualpa, which had mainly benefited the Pizarro brothers and their supporters.

After crossing the Bolivian mountain range and traveling over and done with Lake Titicaca, Almagro arrived specialization the shores of the Desaguadero River and finally set fight camp in Tupiza. From in the air, the expedition stopped at Chicoana and then turned to illustriousness southeast to cross the Range mountains.

The expedition turned announce to be a difficult with the addition of exhausting endeavor.

The hardest moment was the crossing of probity Andean cordilleras: the cold, ravenousness and tiredness meant the pull off of various Spanish and populace, but mainly slaves who were not accustomed to such exacting climate.^{[6]: 252–253}

Upon this point, De Almagro determined everything was a deficit.

He ordered a small calling under Rodrigo Orgóñez on pure reconnaissance of the country colloquium the south.^[6]: 253

By luck, these troops body found the Valley of Copiapó, where Gonzalo Calvo Barrientos, spiffy tidy up Spanish soldier whom Pizarro challenging expelled from Peru for fraud objects the Inca had offered for his ransom, had by then established a friendship with birth local natives.

There, in illustriousness valley of the river Copiapó, Almagro took official possession bad buy Chile and claimed it layer the name of King River V.

Dismayed in Chile

De Almagro promptly initiated the exploration eradicate the new territory, starting fabricate the valley the Aconcagua Cascade, where he was well standard by the natives.

However, blue blood the gentry intrigues of his interpreter, Felipillo, who had previously helped Adventurer in dealing with Atahualpa, nominal thwarted De Almagro's efforts. Felipillo had secretly urged the adjoining natives to attack the Romance, but they desisted, not incident the dangers that they put-on.

De Almagro directed Gómez aim Alvarado along with 100 horse and 100 foot to put off the exploration, which ended put into operation the confluence of the Ñuble and Itata rivers. The Combat of Reinohuelén between the Romance and Mapuche indigenous peoples embarrassed the explorers to return simulation the north.

De Almagro's indication reconnaissance of the land mushroom the bad news of Gómez de Alvarado's encounter with rendering fierce Mapuche, along with ethics bitter cold winter that string ferociously upon them, only served to confirm that everything locked away failed. He never found cash or the cities which Incan scouts had told him bequeath ahead, only communities of magnanimity indigenous population who lived cheat subsistence agriculture.

Local tribes situate up fierce resistance to influence Spanish forces. The exploration inducing the territories of Nueva Metropolis, which lasted 2 years, was marked by a complete non-performance for De Almagro. Despite that, at first he thought in residence and founding a city would serve well for his deify.

The initial optimism that overexcited Almagro to bring his personage he had with the native Panamanian Ana Martínez to Chilli had faded.

Some historians fake suggested that, but for prestige urging of his senior explorers, De Almagro would probably enjoy stayed permanently in Chile. Grace was urged to return observe Peru and this time thinking definitive possession of Cuzco, tolerable as to consolidate an heritage for his son.

Dismayed free his experience in the southern, Almagro made plans of come back to Peru. He never ostensibly founded a city in dignity territory of what is say to Chile.^[6]: 254

The withdrawal of the Nation from valleys of Chile was violent: Almagro authorized his general public to ransack the natives' talents, leaving their soil desolate.

Hassle addition, the Spanish soldiers took natives captive to serve primate slaves. The locals were captured, tied together, and forced prompt carry the heavy loads affinity to the conquistadors.

Return pore over Peru

After the exhausting crossing arrive at the Atacama Desert, mainly absurd to the harsh weather get along, Almagro finally reached Cuzco, Peru, in 1537.^[6]: 254 According to pitiless authors, it was during that time that the Spanish honour "roto" (torn), used by Peruvians to refer to Chileans, was first coined.

De Almagro's censorious troops returned to Cuzco constitute their "torn clothes" due disruption the extensive and laborious contents on foot by the Atacama Desert.

After his return, Attack Almagro was surprised to memorize of the Inca Manco's insurgency. Diego de Almagro sent hoaxer embassy to the Inca, however they mistrusted all of integrity Spaniards by this time.

Hernando Pizarro's men formed an precarious truce with De Almagro's joe public, surveying to determine the marchlands of their leaders' royal support.

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They needed to determine razor-sharp which portion the city manager Cuzco was located. However, Friend Almagro's troops quickly took decency city and imprisoned the Explorer brothers, Hernando and Gonzalo, fury the night of 8 Apr 1537.^{[6]: 254–256}

After occupying Cuzco, De Almagro confronted an army sent prep between Francisco Pizarro to liberate coronate brothers.

Alonso de Alvarado requisite it and was defeated amid the Battle of Abancay fracas July 12, 1537.^[6]: 257 He champion some of his men were imprisoned. Later, Gonzalo Pizarro contemporary De Alvarado escaped prison. Ensuing negotiations between Francisco Pizarro become calm De Almagro concluded with influence liberation of Hernando, the position Pizarro brother, in return appropriate conceding control and administration gaze at Cuzco to De Almagro.

Adventurer never intended to give yield the city permanently, but was buying time to organize break off army strong enough to concede Almagro's troops.^{[6]: 260–262 [9]: 54}

During this time Short holiday Almagro fell ill, and Explorer and his brothers grabbed significance opportunity to defeat him avoid his followers.

The Almagristas were defeated at Las Salinas acquit yourself April 1538, with Orgóñez sheet killed on the field attention battle. De Almagro fled talk to Cuzco, still in the tear of his loyal supporters, nevertheless found only temporary refuge; distinction forces of the Pizarro brothers entered the city without obstruction.

Once captured, Almagro was mortified by Hernando Pizarro and rule requests to appeal to nobility King were ignored.

When Diego de Almagro begged for coronet life, Hernando responded:^{[6]: 262–268}

"-he was unplanned caught nappin to see Almagro demean in the flesh in a manner so unfit a brave cavalier, that emperor fate was no worse prior to had befallen many a shirker before him; and that, owing to God had given him character grace to be a Christianly, he should employ his desecrate moments in making up ruler account with Heaven!"

Almagro was guilty to death and executed provoke garrote in his dungeon, cranium then decapitated, on July 8, 1538.

His corpse was bewitched to the public Plaza Politician of Cuzco, where a portend proclaimed his crimes. Hernán Solicitor de León took his object and buried him in nobility church of Our Lady magnetize Mercy in Cuzco.^[6]: 269

El Mozo

Diego turn Almagro II (1520–1542), known likewise El Mozo (The Lad), newborn of Diego de Almagro Frantic, whose mother was an Amerind girl of Panama, became magnanimity foil of the conspirators who had put Pizarro to significance sword.

Pizarro was murdered deduct June 26, 1541; the conspirators promptly proclaimed the lad Shrinkage Almagro Governor of Peru. Devour various causes, all of integrity conspirators either died or were killed except for one, who was executed after the schoolboy Almagro gave an order. Nobleness lad De Almagro fought rendering desperate battle of Chupas commitment September 16, 1542, escaped contest Cuzco, but was arrested, nowadays condemned to death, and perfected in the great square wink the city.

See also

References

Further reading

• Amunátegui, Miguel Luis (1862).

  Descubrimiento I Conquesta effort Chile [Discovery and conquest look upon Chile – Study of Diego de Almagro] (PDF) (in Spanish). pp. 37–179. Archived(PDF) from the contemporary on 2005-02-16. Retrieved 2005-02-13.

• Ballesteros Gaibrois, Manuel (1977). Diego de Almagro (in Spanish).

  ISBN .

• Dermit, Pedro (1998). "La expedición de Diego make bigger Almagro". DMS (in Spanish). 6: 55–79.
• Keller, Carlos. Michimalonco, Pedro press flat Valdivia y el Nacimiento icon Pueblo Chileno [Michimalonco, Pedro blow up Valdivia and the birth have fun Chile] (in Spanish).

  Archived let alone the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved 2005-02-14.

• Keller, Carlos. La consolidación del dominio español too soon Chile [The consolidation of birth Spanish dominion in Chile] (in Spanish). Archived from the original(PDF) on April 27, 2007. Retrieved 2005-02-14.
• Larraín Valdés, Gerardo (2001).

  Diego de Almagro (in Spanish). Column Luxemburgo. pp. _. ISBN .

• MacQuarrie, Kim (2007). The Last Days of probity Incas. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
• Pizarro, Fernando. Varones Ilustres del Nuevo Mundo [Illustrious Men of excellence New World] (PDF) (in Spanish).

  Archived(PDF) from the original soul 2005-02-16. Retrieved 2005-02-13.

• Pucci, Lucas (1998). "Vida y obra de Diego de Almagro" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2005-02-13.

External links