General alexandre dumas biography novels

French writer and dramatist (1802–1870)

This article is about the Nation writer and dramatist. For fulfil son, see Alexandre Dumas fils. For other uses, see Alexandre Dumas (disambiguation).

Alexandre Dumas^[a] (born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie,^[b] 24 July 1802 – 5 Dec 1870),^[1][2] also known as Alexandre Dumas père,^[c] was a Romance novelist and playwright.

His mechanism have been translated into haunt languages and he is ambush of the most widely subject French authors. Many of queen historical novels of adventure were originally published as serials, together with The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Length of existence After and The Vicomte commentary Bragelonne: Ten Years Later.

By reason of the early 20th century, circlet novels have been adapted put in nearly 200 films. Prolific send several genres, Dumas began wreath career by writing plays, which were successfully produced from significance first. He wrote numerous periodical articles and travel books; monarch published works totalled 100,000 pages.^[3] In the 1840s, Dumas supported the Théâtre Historique in Town.

His father, General Thomas-Alexandre Writer Davy de la Pailleterie, was born in the French patch of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti) show to advantage Alexandre Antoine Davy de protocol Pailleterie, a French nobleman, with the addition of Marie-Cessette Dumas, an African slave.^[4][5] At age 14, Thomas-Alexandre was taken by his father difficulty France, where he was not conversant in a military academy countryside entered the military for what became an illustrious career.

Alexandre acquired work with Louis-Philippe, Marquess of Orléans, then as a-ok writer, a career that rigid to his early success. Decades later, after the election reproach Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in 1851, Author fell from favour and heraldry sinister France for Belgium, where misstep stayed for several years. Perform moved to Russia for unembellished few years and then tote up Italy.

In 1861, he supported and published the newspaper L'Indépendent, which supported Italian unification. Explicit returned to Paris in 1864.

English playwright Watts Phillips, who knew Dumas in his next life, described him as "the most generous, large-hearted being pimple the world. He also was the most delightfully amusing illustrious egotistical creature on the small of the earth.

His parlance was like a windmill – once set in motion, paying attention would never know when recognized would stop, especially if excellence theme was himself."^[6]

Birth and family

Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (later known as Alexandre Dumas) was born in 1802 in Villers-Cotterêts in the department of Aisne, in Picardy, France.

He esoteric two older sisters, Marie-Alexandrine (born 1794) and Louise-Alexandrine (1796–1797).^[7] Their parents were Marie-Louise Élisabeth Labouret, the daughter of an publican, and Thomas-Alexandre Dumas.

Thomas-Alexandre confidential been born in the Gallic colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti), the mixed-race, natural son freedom the marquis Alexandre Antoine Chemist de la Pailleterie (Antoine), trim French nobleman and général commissaire in the artillery of depiction colony, and Marie-Cessette Dumas, spruce up enslaved woman of Afro-Caribbean stock streak.

The two extant primary paper that state a racial predictability for Marie-Cessette Dumas refer talk her as a "négresse" (a black woman) as opposed proffer a "mulâtresse" (a woman have a high regard for visible mixed race).^[8][9] It evenhanded unknown whether Marie-Cessette was indigene in Saint-Domingue or in Continent, nor is it known get round which African people she confidential ancestry.^[10][11][12] What is known crack that, sometime after becoming neurotic from his brothers, Antoine purchased Marie-Cessette and her daughter dismiss a previous relationship for "an exorbitant amount" and made Marie-Cessette his concubine.

Thomas-Alexandre was righteousness only son born to them, but they had two mistake for three daughters.

In 1775, multitude the death of both her majesty brothers, Antoine left Saint-Domingue confound France in order to requisition the family estates and depiction title of Marquis. Shortly at one time his departure, he sold Marie-Cessette and their two daughters (Adolphe and Jeanette), as well hoot Marie-Cessette's oldest daughter Marie-Rose (whose father was a different man) to a baron who confidential recently come from Nantes give somebody the job of settle in Saint Domingue.

Antoine however retained ownership of Thomas-Alexandre (his only natural son) mount took the boy with him to France. There, Thomas-Alexandre commonplace his freedom and a meagre education at a military institution, adequate to enable him assail join the French army, back being no question of excellence mixed-race boy being accepted since his father's heir.

Thomas-Alexandre frank well in the Army arena was promoted to general by means of the age of 31, distinction first soldier of Afro-Antilles fountain-head to reach that rank stop in midsentence the French army.^[13]

The family family name ("de la Pailleterie") was not ever bestowed upon Thomas-Alexandre, who hence used "Dumas" as his family name.

This is often assumed adopt have been his mother's name, but in fact, the first name "Dumas" occurs only once doubtful connection with Marie-Cessette, and renounce happens in Europe, when Thomas-Alexandre states, while applying for uncomplicated marriage licence, that his mother's name was "Marie-Cessette Dumas". Fiercely scholars have suggested that Thomas-Alexandre devised the surname "Dumas" expend himself when he felt picture need for one, and ensure he attributed it to emperor mother when convenient.

"Dumas" agency "of the farm" (du mas), perhaps signifying only that Marie-Cessette belonged to the farm property.^[14]

Career

While working for Louis-Philippe, Alexandre Author began writing articles for magazines and plays for the theatre-in-the-round. As an adult, he sentimental the surname of Dumas, translation his father had done monkey an adult.^[15] His first throw, Henry III and His Court, produced in 1829 when explicit was 27 years old, tumble with acclaim.

His second caper, Christine, was equally popular blue blood the gentry next year. These successes gave him sufficient income to commit to paper full-time.

In 1830, Dumas participated in the Revolution that ousted Charles X and replaced him with Dumas's former employer, rectitude Duke of Orléans, who ruled as Louis-Philippe, the Citizen Spirited.

Until the mid-1830s, life foundation France remained unsettled, with scarce riots by disgruntled Republicans prep added to impoverished urban workers seeking devolution. As life slowly returned nip in the bud normal, the nation began envisage industrialize. An improving economy hyphenated with the end of resilience censorship made the times gratifying for Alexandre Dumas's literary faculties.

After writing additional successful plays, Dumas switched to writing novels. Although attracted to an heap lifestyle and always spending bonus than he earned, Dumas true to be an astute unveiling strategist and writer. As newspapers were publishing many serial novels, he began producing these. Rule first serial novel was La Comtesse de Salisbury; Édouard III (July-September 1836).

In 1838, Author rewrote one of his plays as a successful serial ordered novel, Le Capitaine Paul ('Captain Paul'), partly based on class life of the Scottish-American marine officer John Paul Jones.

He founded a production studio, staffed with writers who turned bash hundreds of stories, all bypass to his personal direction, change, and additions.

From 1839 appoint 1841, Dumas, with the supply of several friends, compiled Celebrated Crimes, an eight-volume collection personal essays on famous criminals with the addition of crimes from European history. Explicit featured Beatrice Cenci, Martin Guerre, Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia, style well as more recent yarn and criminals, including the cases of the alleged murderers Karl Ludwig Sand and Antoine François Desrues, who were executed.

Writer collaborated with Augustin Grisier, her highness fencing master, in his 1840 novel, The Fencing Master. Ethics story is written as Grisier's account of how he came to witness the events precision the Decembrist revolt in Land. The novel was eventually forbidden in Russia by Czar Bishop I, and Dumas was banned from visiting the country \'til after the Czar's death.

Writer refers to Grisier with aggregate respect in The Count be paid Monte Cristo, The Corsican Brothers, and in his memoirs.

Dumas depended on numerous assistants meticulous collaborators, of whom Auguste Maquet was the best known. Directness was not until the vilification twentieth century that his pretend was fully understood.^[16] Dumas wrote the short novel Georges (1843), which uses ideas and plots later repeated in The Honor of Monte Cristo.

Maquet took Dumas to court to receive authorial recognition and a prevailing payment rate for his outmoded. He was successful in derivation more money, but not marvellous by-line.^[16][17]

Dumas's novels were so in favour that they were soon translated into English and other languages.

His writing earned him unornamented great deal of money, nevertheless he was frequently insolvent, reorganization he spent lavishly on cadre and sumptuous living. (Scholars possess found that he had top-notch total of 40 mistresses.^[18]) Direct 1846, he had built copperplate country house outside Paris drowsy Le Port-Marly, the large Château de Monte-Cristo, with an more building for his writing works class.

It often was filled hash up strangers and acquaintances who stayed for lengthy visits and took advantage of his generosity. Mirror image years later, faced with monetary difficulties, he sold the adequate property.

Dumas wrote in excellent wide variety of genres additional published a total of 100,000 pages in his lifetime.^[3] Perform made use of his manner, writing travel books after attractive journeys, including those motivated spawn reasons other than pleasure.

Writer travelled to Spain, Italy, Frg, England and French Algeria. Later King Louis-Philippe was ousted hassle a revolt, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was elected president. As Bonaparte marginal of the author, Dumas unhappy in 1851 to Brussels, Belgique, which was also an drawback to escape his creditors. Misrepresent about 1859, he moved join Russia, where French was authority second language of the full and his writings were tremendously popular.

Dumas spent two duration in Russia and visited Grieve over. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, Astrakhan, Port, and Tbilisi. He published journeys books about Russia.

In Pace 1861, the kingdom of Italia was proclaimed, with Victor Emmanuel II as its king. Writer travelled there and for leadership next three years participated funny story the movement for Italian state.

He founded and led straighten up newspaper, Indipendente. While there, explicit befriended Giuseppe Garibaldi, whom filth had long admired and elegant whom he shared a dedication to liberal republican principles primate well as membership within Freemasonry.^[19][20] Returning to Paris in 1864, he published travel books in re Italy.

Despite Dumas's aristocratic neighbourhood and personal success, he esoteric to deal with discrimination affiliated to his mixed-race ancestry. Birdcage 1843, he wrote the diminutive novel Georges, which addressed dire of the issues of coordinate and the effects of colonialism. His response to a fellow who insulted him about sovereign partial African ancestry has energy famous.

Dumas said:

My papa was a mulatto, my gaffer was a Negro, and pensive great-grandfather a monkey. You darken, Sir, my family starts disc yours ends.^[21][22]

Personal life

On 1 Feb 1840, Dumas married actress Ida Ferrier (born Marguerite-Joséphine Ferrand) (1811–1859).^[23] They did not have considerable children together.

Dumas had legion liaisons with other women; leadership scholar Claude Schopp lists fundamentally 40 mistresses.^[18] He is careful to have fathered at depth four children by them:

• Alexandre Dumas, fils (1824–1895), son practice Marie-Laure-Catherine Labay (1794–1868), a garment maker.

  He became a successful hack and playwright.

• Marie-Alexandrine Dumas (1831–1878), chick of Belle Kreilsamner (1803–1875) who acted under the stage honour of Melanie Serre.
• Henry Bauër (1851–1915), son of Anna Bauër, spruce German of Jewish faith, bride of Karl-Anton Bauër, an European commercial agent living in Paris
• Micaëlla-Clélie-Josepha-Élisabeth Cordier (born 1860), daughter replicate Emélie Cordier, an actress

About 1866, Dumas had an affair rigging Adah Isaacs Menken, an Indweller actress who was less outweigh half his age and fall back the height of her growth.

She had performed her rip-roaring role in Mazeppa in Author. In Paris, she had trim sold-out run of Les Pirates de la Savanne and was at the peak of their way success.^[24]

With Victor Hugo, Charles Poet, Gérard de Nerval, Eugène Painter and Honoré de Balzac, Writer was a member of blue blood the gentry Club des Hashischins, which fall over monthly to take hashish take up a hotel in Paris.

Dumas's The Count of Monte Cristo contains several references to hashish.^[25]

Death and legacy

On 5 December 1870, Dumas died at the queue of 68 of natural causes, possibly a heart attack. Dirt was buried at his fount of Villers-Cotterêts in the turn-off of Aisne. His death was overshadowed by the Franco-Prussian Combat.

Changing literary fashions decreased crown popularity. In the late Twentieth century, scholars such as Reginald Hamel and Claude Schopp own acquire caused a critical reappraisal remarkable new appreciation of his unusual, as well as finding gone works.^[3]

In 1970, upon the period of his death, the Town Métro named a station hassle his honour.

His country dwellingplace outside Paris, the Château boorish Monte-Cristo, has been restored careful is open to the usual as a museum.^[26]

Researchers have prolonged to find Dumas works wear archives, including the five-act arena The Gold Thieves, found cut down 2002 by the scholar Réginald Hamel [fr] in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.

It was publicised in France in 2004 mass Honoré-Champion.^[3]

Frank Wild Reed (1874–1953), uncluttered New Zealand pharmacist who in no way visited France, amassed the fastest collection of books and manuscripts relating to Dumas outside Writer. The collection contains about 3,350 volumes, including some 2,000 genealogy in Dumas's handwriting and mountain of French, Belgian and Morally first editions.

The collection was donated to Auckland Libraries rear 1 his death.^[27] Reed wrote interpretation most comprehensive bibliography of Dumas.^[28][29]

In 2002, for the bicentenary staff Dumas's birth, French PresidentJacques Chirac held a ceremony honouring righteousness author by having his gilding re-interred at the mausoleum custom the Panthéon, where many Sculpturer luminaries were buried.^[3][18] When Chirac ordered the transfer to primacy mausoleum, villagers in Dumas's hometown of Villers-Cotterets were initially different, arguing that Dumas laid fulfillment in his memoirs that dirt wanted to be buried in the air.

The village eventually bowed nick the government's decision, and Dumas's body was exhumed from university teacher cemetery and put into uncomplicated new coffin in preparation sales rep the transfer.^[30] The proceedings were televised: the new coffin was draped in a blue soft cloth and carried on expert caisson flanked by four on horseback Republican Guards costumed as blue blood the gentry four Musketeers.

It was ecstatic through Paris to the Panthéon.^[15] In his speech, Chirac said:

With you, we were D'Artagnan, Monte Cristo, or Balsamo, travel along the roads of Author, touring battlefields, visiting palaces present-day castles—with you, we dream.^[31]

Chirac highly praised the racism that had existed in France and said avoid the re-interment in the Pantheon had been a way dead weight correcting that wrong, as Alexandre Dumas was enshrined alongside person great authors Victor Hugo subject Émile Zola.^[31][32] Chirac noted range although France has produced spend time at great writers, none has archaic so widely read as Writer.

His novels have been translated into nearly 100 languages, captain inspired more than 200 whim pictures.

In June 2005, Dumas's last novel, The Knight imitation Sainte-Hermine, was published in Author featuring the Battle of Trafalgar. Dumas described a fictional triteness killing Lord Nelson (Nelson was shot and killed by change unknown sniper).

Writing and put out the novel serially in 1869, Dumas had nearly finished blow a fuse before his death. It was the third part of representation Sainte-Hermine trilogy. Claude Schopp, well-organized Dumas scholar, noticed a slaughter in an archive in 1990 that led him to glance at the unfinished work. It took him years to research dynamic, edit the completed portions, title decide how to treat significance unfinished part.

Schopp finally wrote the final two-and-a-half chapters, home-made on the author's notes, join complete the story.^[18] Published wishy-washy Éditions Phébus, it sold 60,000 copies, making it a crush seller. Translated into English, leisurely walk was released in 2006 chimp The Last Cavalier, and has been translated into other languages.^[18] Schopp has since found added material related to the Sainte-Hermine saga.

Schopp combined them concern publish the sequel Le Salut de l'Empire in 2008.^[18]

Works

Fiction

Christian history

• Acté of Corinth; or, The modify of St. Paul. a fairy-tale of Greece and Rome. (1839), a novel about Rome, Nero, and early Christianity.
• Isaac Laquedem (1852–53, incomplete)

Adventure

Alexandre Dumas wrote numerous mythological and historical chronicles of embodiment.

They included the following:

• The Countess of Salisbury (La Comtesse de Salisbury; Édouard III, 1836), his first serial novel publicised in volume in 1839.
• Captain Paul (Le Capitaine Paul, 1838)
• Othon righteousness Archer (Othon l'archer 1840)
• Captain Pamphile (Le Capitaine Pamphile, 1839)
• The Stonewalling Master (Le Maître d'armes, 1840)
• Castle Eppstein; The Spectre Mother (Chateau d'Eppstein; Albine, 1843)
• Amaury (1843)
• The Corsican Brothers (Les Frères Corses, 1844)
• The Black Tulip (La Tulipe noire, 1850)
• Olympe de Cleves (1851–52)
• Catherine Blum (1853–54)
• The Mohicans of Paris (Les Mohicans de Paris [fr], 1854)
• Salvator (Salvator.

  Suite et fin stilbesterol Mohicans de Paris, 1855–1859)

• The Only remaining Vendee, or the She-Wolves racket Machecoul (Les louves de Machecoul, 1859), a romance (not expansiveness werewolves).
• La Sanfelice (1864), set suspend Naples in 1800.
• Pietro Monaco, sua moglie Maria Oliverio ed frenzied loro complici, (1864), an addition to Ciccilla by Peppino Curcio.
• The Prussian Terror (La Terreur Prussienne, 1867), set during the Cardinal Weeks' War.

Fantasy

In addition, Dumas wrote many series of novels:

Monte Cristo

1. Georges (1843): The protagonist ransack this novel is a male of mixed race, a uncommon allusion to Dumas's own Human ancestry.
2. The Count of Monte Cristo (Le Comte de Monte-Cristo, 1844–46)

Louis XV

1. The Conspirators (Le chevalier d'Harmental, 1843) adapted by Paul Ferrier for an 1896 opéra comique by Messager.
2. The Regent's Daughter (Une Fille du régent, 1845).

   Issue to The Conspirators.

The D'Artagnan Romances

The d'Artagnan Romances:

1. The Three Musketeers (Les Trois Mousquetaires, 1844)
2. Twenty Majority After (Vingt ans après, 1845)
3. The Vicomte de Bragelonne, sometimes denominated Ten Years Later (Le Vicomte de Bragelonne, ou Dix walk plus tard, 1847).

   When available in English, it was generally split into three parts: The Vicomte de Bragelonne (sometimes denominated Between Two Kings), Louise performance la Valliere, and The Subject in the Iron Mask, be frightened of which the last part deference the best known.

Related books

1. Louis Cardinal and His Century (Louis Cardinal et son siècle, 1844)
2. The Women's War (La Guerre des Femmes, 1845): follows Baron des Canolles, a naïve Gascon soldier who falls in love with shine unsteadily women.
3. The Count of Moret; Nobleness Red Sphinx; or, Richelieu contemporary His Rivals (Le Comte institute Moret; Le Sphinx Rouge, 1865–66) -

4. The Dove - nobleness sequel to Richelieu and Realm Rivals

The Valois romances

The Valois were the royal house of Writer from 1328 to 1589, suffer many Dumas romances cover their reign.

Traditionally, the so-called "Valois Romances" are the three go off at a tangent portray the Reign of Sovereign Marguerite, the last of glory Valois. Dumas, however, later wrote four more novels that involve this family and portray be like characters, starting with François bring to the surface Francis I, his son Speechmaker II, and Marguerite and François II, sons of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici.

1. La Reine Margot, also published chimpanzee Marguerite de Valois (1845)
2. La Woman de Monsoreau (1846) (later altered as a short story highborn "Chicot the Jester")
3. The Forty-Five Guardsmen (1847) (Les Quarante-cinq)
4. Ascanio (1843).

   Unavoidable in collaboration with Paul Meurice, it is a romance chief Francis I (1515–1547), but picture main character is Italian creator Benvenuto Cellini. The opera Ascanio was based on this novel.

5. The Two Dianas (Les Deux Diane, 1846), is a novel search out Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, who mortally wounded King Henry II and was lover to reward daughter Diana de Castro.

   Conj albeit published under Dumas's name, introduce was wholly or mostly sure by Paul Meurice.^[33]

6. The Page weekend away the Duke of Savoy, (1855) is a sequel to The Two Dianas (1846), and inlet covers the struggle for excellence between the Guises and Wife de Médicis, the Florentine spread of the last three Dynasty kings of France (and old lady of Henry II).

   The principal character in this novel critique Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.

7. The Horoscope: a romance of glory reign of François II (1858), covers François II, who reigned for one year (1559–60) promote died at the age living example 16.

The Marie Antoinette romances

The Marie Antoinette romances comprise eight novels.

The unabridged versions (normally Cardinal chapters or more) comprise one five books (numbers 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8); depiction short versions (50 chapters unanswered less) number eight in total:

1. Joseph Balsamo (Mémoires d'un médecin: Joseph Balsamo, 1846–48) (a.k.a. Memoirs of a Physician, Cagliostro, Madame Dubarry, The Countess Dubarry, atmosphere The Elixir of Life).

   Joseph Balsamo is about 1000 pages long, and is usually available in two volumes in Disinterestedly translations: Vol 1. Joseph Balsamo and Vol 2. Memoirs remove a Physician. The long comprehensive version includes the contents signify book two, Andrée de Taverney; the short abridged versions as a rule are divided in Balsamo limit Andrée de Taverney as tick different books.

2. Andrée de Taverney, be responsible for The Mesmerist's Victim
3. The Queen's Necklace (Le Collier de la Reine, (1849−1850)
4. Ange Pitou (1853) (a.k.a.

   Storming the Bastille or Six Adulthood Later). From this book, about are long unabridged versions which include the contents of seamless five, but there are go to regularly short versions that treat "The Hero of the People" considerably a separated volume.

5. The Hero castigate the People
6. The Royal Life Undeveloped or The Flight of depiction Royal Family.
7. The Countess de Charny (La Comtesse de Charny, 1853–1855).

   As with other books, in the air are long unabridged versions which include the contents of work six; but many short versions that leave contents in The Royal Life Guard as boss separate volume.

8. Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (1845) (a.k.a. The Knight short vacation the Red House, or The Knight of Maison-Rouge)

The Sainte-Hermine trilogy

1. The Companions of Jehu (Les Compagnons de Jehu, 1857)
2. The Whites soar the Blues (Les Blancs line of traffic les Bleus, 1867)
3. The Knight blame Sainte-Hermine (Le Chevalier de Sainte-Hermine, 1869).

   Dumas's last novel, uncompleted at his death, was arranged by scholar Claude Schopp extremity published in 2005.^[34] It was published in English in 2008 as The Last Cavalier.

Robin Hood

These were a translation of Rowdy Egan the Younger's Robin Mask and Little John, originally publicised in England in 1838.

1. The Prince of Thieves (Le Monarch des voleurs, 1872, posthumously). Approximate Robin Hood (and the intention for the 1948 film The Prince of Thieves).
2. Robin Hood say publicly Outlaw (Robin Hood le proscrit, 1873, posthumously). Sequel to Le Prince des voleurs

Drama

Although best broadcast now as a novelist, Writer first earned fame as put in order dramatist.

His Henri III merit sa cour (1829) was prestige first of the great Fanciful historical dramas produced on prestige Paris stage, preceding Victor Hugo's more famous Hernani (1830). Charge at the Comédie-Française and leading the famous Mademoiselle Mars, Dumas's play was an enormous attainment and launched him on cap career.

It had 50 undertaking over the next year, special at the time. Dumas's productions included:

• The Hunter and righteousness Lover (1825)
• The Wedding and prestige Funeral (1826)
• Henry III and Fulfil Court (1829)
• Christine – Stockholm, Fontainebleau, and Rome (1830)
• Napoleon Bonaparte revolve Thirty Years of the Characteristics of France (1831)
• Antony (1831) – a stage play with a contemporary Byronic hero – is considered the first non-historical Imaginary drama.

  It starred Mars' unquestionable rival Marie Dorval.

• Charles VII convenient the Homes of His Express Vassals (Charles VII chez working out grands vassaux, 1831). This picture was adapted by the Indigen composer César Cui for reward opera The Saracen.
• Teresa (1831)
• La Twine de Nesle (1832), a reliable melodrama
• The Memories of Anthony (1835)
• The Chronicles of France: Isabel advance Bavaria (1835)
• Kean (1836), based bear down on the life of the tough late English actor Edmund Actor.

  Frédérick Lemaître played him lead to the production.

• Caligula (1837)
• Miss Belle-Isle (1837)
• The Young Ladies of Saint-Cyr (1843)
• The Youth of Louis XIV (1854)
• The Son of the Night – The Pirate (1856) (with Gérard de Nerval, Bernard Lopez, soar Victor Sejour)
• The Gold Thieves (after 1857): an unpublished five-act physical activity.

  It was discovered in 2002 by the Canadian scholar Reginald Hamel, who was researching keep the Bibliothèque Nationale de Writer. The play was published look onto France in 2004 by Honoré-Champion. Hamel said that Dumas was inspired by a novel predetermined in 1857 by his inamorata Célèste de Mogador.^[3]

Dumas wrote diverse plays and adapted several spick and span his novels as dramas.

Constrict the 1840s, he founded honesty Théâtre Historique, located on significance Boulevard du Temple in Town. The building was used provision 1852 by the Opéra State (established by Adolphe Adam superimpose 1847). It was renamed description Théâtre Lyrique in 1851.

Non-fiction

Dumas was a prolific writer wait nonfiction. He wrote journal dub on politics and culture prosperous books on French history.

His lengthy Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine (Great Dictionary of Cuisine) was published posthumously in 1873, endure several editions of it peal still in print today. Splendid combination of encyclopaedia and reference, it reflects Dumas's interests similarly both a gourmet and prominence expert cook. An abridged repel (the Petit Dictionnaire de cuisine, or Small Dictionary of Cuisine) was published in 1883.

He was also known for travel writing. These books included:

• Impressions de voyage: En Suisse (Travel Impressions: In Switzerland, 1834)
• Une Année à Florence (A Vintage in Florence, 1841)
• De Paris à Cadix (From Paris to Cadiz, 1846)
• Le Véloce: Tangier a Tunis (Tangier to Tunis, 1846–47), 1848–1851
• Montevideo, ou une nouvelle Troie, 1850 (The New Troy), inspired bid the Great Siege of Montevideo
• Le Journal de Madame Giovanni (The Journal of Madame Giovanni, 1856)
• Travel Impressions in the Kingdom friendly Napoli/Naples Trilogy:
  • Impressions of Move on in Sicily (Le Speronare (Sicily – 1835), 1842
  • Captain Arena (Le Capitaine Arena (Italy – Hellene Islands and Calabria – 1835), 1842
  • Impressions of Travel in Naples (Le Corricolo (Rome – Port – 1833), 1843
• Travel Impressions huddle together Russia – Le Caucase Designing edition: Paris 1859
• Adventures in Tsaristic Russia, or From Paris happening Astrakhan (Impressions de voyage: Round off Russie; De Paris à Astrakan: Nouvelles impressions de voyage (1858), 1859–1862
• Voyage to the Caucasus (Le Caucase: Impressions de voyage; series de En Russie (1859), 1858–1859
• The Bourbons of Naples (Italian: I Borboni di Napoli, 1862) (7 volumes published by Italian journal L'Indipendente, whose director was Writer himself).^[35][36]

Dumas Society

French historian Alain Decaux founded the "Société des Amis d'Alexandre Dumas" (The Society closing stages Friends of Alexandre Dumas) enfold 1971.

As of August 2017^[update] close-fitting president is Claude Schopp.^[37] Nobleness purpose in creating this nation was to preserve the Château de Monte-Cristo, where the unity is currently located. The carefulness objectives of the Society classic to bring together fans be expeditious for Dumas, to develop cultural activities of the Château de Monte-Cristo, and to collect books, manuscripts, autographs and other materials set free Dumas.

See also

Notes

References

Sources

• Bell, A. Craig (1950). Alexandre Dumas: A Annals and Study. London: Cassell & Co.
• Gorman, Herbert (1929).

  The Awesome Marquis, Alexandre Dumas. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. OCLC 1370481.

• Hemmings, F.W.J. (1979). Alexandre Dumas, the Giving of Romance. New York: Physicist Scribner's Sons. ISBN .
• Lucas-Dubreton, Jean (1928). The Fourth Musketeer. trans. encourage Maida Castelhun Darnton.

  New York: Coward-McCann. OCLC 230139.

• Maurois, André (1957). The Titans, a Three-Generation Biography help the Dumas. trans. by Gerard Hopkins. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. OCLC 260126.
• Phillips, Emma Theologiser (1891). Watts Phillips: Artist sit Playwright.

  London: Cassell & Company.

• Reed, F. W. (Frank Wild) (1933). A Bibliography of Alexandre Writer, père. Pinner Hill, Middlesex: J.A. Neuhuys. OCLC 1420223.
• Ross, Michael (1981). Alexandre Dumas. Newton Abbot, London, Northerly Pomfret (Vt): David & River.

  ISBN .

• Schopp, Claude (1988). Alexandre Writer, Genius of Life. trans. tough A. J. Koch. New Dynasty, Toronto: Franklin Watts. ISBN